表面硬化

This results in what is descriptively known as honeycombing on the surface of the hardened concrete with reduced durability and strength as well as unacceptable surface finish.

这引 起硬化混凝土表面所谓的蜂窝麻面，耐久性和强度降低以及不受欢迎的表面光洁度。

On the basis of establishing planar cutting model and cutting equation, through analyzing the rigidity of technical system infrequency chart, change cutting coefficient and the angle of cutter etc, emphasis measuring and analyzing hard turning 45 hardened steel the damaged layer of finished surface cutting force the roughness on finished surface and researching on the mechanism of wear and damage of cutter.

在分析二元切削模型和切削方程的基础上，进一步研究了切削变形及其影响机理；通过工艺系统刚性的频谱分析，改变切削用量、刀具几何参数等因素，测量并分析研究了精切淬硬钢的切削力、已加工表面粗糙度、加工硬化及表面残余应力及刀具的磨损情况，基本形成了精加工45~#淬硬钢的切削基础理论。

Laser shock peening is a well-known method for extending the fatigue life of metal components by introducing near-surface compressive residual stress.

激光冲击硬化通过在材料的近表面产生残余压应力来提高材料的表面硬度和抗疲劳寿命。

Three kinds of cutting material were selected to machine stainless steel machining experiment such as ceramic cutting tools, cermets cutting tools and coated carbide cutting tools, in which the best range of each kind of tool material was founded. For example, LT55 was suitable to be machine lCrl8Ni9Ti as the cutting speed surpasses 120m/min and have a good wearable property.(3) Surface roughness was measured under different cutting conditions. Feed rate played the most important role in impacting surface roughness, and then cutting speed.(4) Chip patterns in different cutting speed with various cutting materials were analyzed. With the increase of turning speed, chip became shorter and was easy to be broken. For instance, serration chip appeared in high sped turning stainless steel with LT55;(5) Work hardening of austenitic stainless steel was analyzed.

陶瓷刀具LT55适合在Vc=120m/min以上切削加工不锈钢，耐磨性好；③通过试验研究了不同刀具材料高速车削加工1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢时的表面粗糙度，其中进给量对表面粗糙度的影响最为显著，其次为切削速度；④分析了不同刀具材料在不同切削速度下加工1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的切屑形态，随着车削速度的提高，切屑变短且易断屑，其中LT55陶瓷刀具切削加工时产生了锯齿状切屑；⑤分析了奥氏体不锈钢的加工硬化机理及其对刀具磨损的影响；⑥根据试验结果分析在不同切削条件下切削不锈钢的刀具磨损形式及其磨损机理。

In a second aspect, this invention provides a surface-mount inductive loop detector including: an inductive loop which is adapted for connection to an external electronic controller device; a protective cover in the form of a substantially inflexible ring having a hardened, bevelled peripheral edge; said ring adapted to accommodate the inductive loop between a mounting surface and a lower surface of the ring and provided with means for fixing the detector to the mounting surface.

在第二方面，本发明提供一种表面安装感应环检测器，包括：感应环，该感应环适用于连接到外部电子控制器设备；保护罩，该保护罩为具有基本上呈柔性的圆环，该圆环具有硬化的、倾斜外周缘；所述圆环适用于容纳位于安装表面和圆环下表面之间的感应环，并设有用于把检测器固定到安装表面的装置。

The characteristic of machined surface of high speed machining aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 is researched by micrographic experiments and analysis. The formation mechanics of machined metamorphism layer has been analyzed and studied. The dislocation-energy model in machined metamorphism layer was established and applied to explain the micrographic mechanics work-hardening using the thermo-mechanical coupling deformation theory and dislocation theory. The experimental results show that the interaction of high dislocation density effect on hardening is more remarkable than that of thermal stress in high speed machining.

利用显微观察方法对铝合金7050-T7451高速铣削加工的工件表面断面和不同深度的表层的微观形貌特征进行系统的研究，确定了高速切削加工铝合金7050-T7451的表面变质层深度为30～35μm；应用位错能量研究了高速铣削加工过程的热力耦合对变质层的影响机理，并通过微观形貌观察证明：与普通切削相比，高速铣削表层塑性变形的能量和位错密度更高；建立了位错密度的加工硬化的动力学模型，研究了加工硬化的热-力耦合形成机理；对微观裂纹的形成机理进行了理论分析，证明位错密度高的高速切削过程中较低速加工更容易产生明显的微裂纹，从分子级乃至原子级的水平进一步揭示高速切削加工表面变质层的形成特征。

The experiment results indicate that a hardened layer is obtained on the surface of the materials after two kinds of surface hardening. Microstructure of the hardened layer is fine spiculate martensite which can help to improve the wear and friction properties of the materials.

研究结果表明：经2种表面淬火后，材料的表面得到一均匀的硬化层，其组织为细针状的马氏体组织，材料表面的耐磨性和摩擦系数得到了显著的改善。

The microstructure of hardened layer and formation mechanism were investigated.The microstructure of hardened layer consist of the completely hardened region and the transition region.The completely hardening region is composed of fine acicular martensites,residual austenites and a few dot-like carbonides.From surface to bottom in the hardened layer,the microstructure varies from fine to coar...

结果表明：采用适当的磨削参数可满足该钢所要求的淬火温度，进而获得适宜的淬硬层显微硬度和强化层深度；磨削淬火层由完全硬化区和过渡区组成；完全硬化区主要由细小针状马氏体组成，从表面到里层，组织形貌呈现&细→粗→细&的变化规律，其形成机理是热-力耦合作用影响磨削淬火过程中的奥氏体晶粒大小及其位错密度，并将直接影响转变后的马氏体组织形貌。

The loss of damping abilities of hard surfaces,on which people mostly move nowadays,is repla...

人们的脚每天频繁运动，容易失水且使表面硬化，如果鞋内底能解决此问题则是既耗费低又简单的方法。

This was about the same as the best WWI-era British KC-type armor, which was what the Japanese were trying for--they had not attempted to make improved face-hardened armor, as the U.S. Navy did during the 1930's, for actual ship installation.

防护能力与一战时英国KC型装甲的最好成绩相当，而这正是日本人所努力做到的——他们并没有在表面硬化方面做更多的尝试，相应地美国海军在30年代就已经实际装舰了。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。