表面电阻

The electrical resistance heat tracing is in the form of series heating cables, parallel heating cables, and surface heating devices.

电阻式伴热的形式有串联加热带，并联加热带，和表面加热装置。

A common heating oxidation device(fig.1)is to place a silicon plate in a quartz crystal glass reaction chamber. In the reaction chamber, a electric resistant wire heating device heat up the chamber to a certain temperature(usually, the temperature is 900～1200℃. In a special condition, it can be descended to under 600℃). When oxygen or water vapour pass through the chamber(typical gas flow speed is 1cm/s). A chemical reaction is generated on surface of the silicon plate.

常用的热氧化装置（图1）将硅片置于用石英玻璃制成的反应管中，反应管用电阻丝加热炉加热一定温度(常用的温度为900～1200℃，在特殊条件下可降到600℃以下)，氧气或水汽通过反应管（典型的气流速度为1厘米/秒）时，在硅片表面发生化学反应

The heat devices of PTC thick-film circuit have many advantages, for example, power-density to 200 and surface heating speed of resister film with 200~300℃/s as well as using over ten thousand.

结果显示以PTC厚膜电路材料组成的可控电热元件，其功率密度高达200W/平方公分；其电阻膜层的表面加热速度可达200~300℃/s；其使用寿命达到1万小时以上。

X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystal structure and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy inspected the surface and cross-sectional morphology. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to determine the film composition. The optical transmittance, electric resistance, Hall Effect, and Seebeck coefficient were measured. It was found in XRD patterns that all samples possess In2O3 structure.

在特性量测方面，分别以X光绕射分析其晶体结构，场发射扫瞄式电子显微镜分析其表面及断面型态，以X光电子能谱分析仪分析薄膜成份，并搭配光穿透率、电阻率、霍尔效应及Seebeck系数等特性分析，探讨经热处理之后薄膜的热电特性变化。

Porosity of the oxide film could be calculated from the analysis of potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscope.

计算结果表明，测定氧化膜覆盖金属的腐蚀电流和极化电阻可以合理评价热轧钢板表面氧化膜的孔隙率。

The resistance spot weld nugget is formed when the interface of the weld joint is heated due to the resistance of the joint surfaces to electrical current flow.

电阻点焊狗头时会形成界面的焊接接头加热，由于阻力的联合表面的电流流动。

For both the uncoated and coated plates of 304 stainless steel, the electrochemical polarization curves were investigated in a simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment and the volt-ampere technique was used to measure interfacial contact resistance between the sample and the carbon paper.

采用电化学方法测定了改性前后304不锈钢在模拟PEMFC环境下的极化曲线，在扫描电镜下观察了模拟腐蚀后的表面形貌，并用伏安法测量了改性前后304不锈钢的接触电阻。

The Au/AuGe(88/12)/Au back-contact metal structure was deposited on the GaAs substrate using an electron-beam evaporator. Various post thermal treatments were employed including conventional furnace and rapid thermal annealing. It was found that the outer Au layer thickness and furnace annealing temperature had large effects on the specific contact resistance.

在实验中我们在砷化镓基板背面进行蒸镀背金结构，而此背金结构是由三层金属所组成，分别为金/锗(12%)金(88%)/金，我们控制最外层金的厚度来量测与观察特徵接触电阻的大小，同时改变炉管加热的温度与快速热退火系统做比较，背金结构之元素分布比较可由欧杰电子分析得到，而扫描式电子显微镜可分析其两者之间的表面形貌差异。

The structure measurement indicates that only a small amount of Bi3+ ions can not enter the A-site of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 lattice. Because of the low melting behavior of bismuth oxide, the superfluous Bi will segregate as insulating bismuth oxides and bismuthate. Because of the segregation of Bi, the surface of the main phase has different ferromagnetic property from that of the core, namely the magnetic inhomogeneity of the samples is enhanced, which results in the broader ferromagnetism-paramagnetism transition and magnetoresistance plateaus in samples with the high Bi content.

结构测试表明Bi并不能进入La2/3Ca1/3MnO3的晶格锰位，由于A位元素的过量和铋氧化物的低熔点特性，烧结过程中Bi元素析出形成了绝缘性的第二相；并且Bi的析出导致样品主相的表面存在与主相体心磁性质不同的铁磁相，即样品的磁不均匀性增强，使得高Bi含量的样品表现出宽的铁磁-顺磁转变和磁电阻平台效应。

The finite element method was applied to calculate the potential distribution and current distribution on a cathodically protected steel pipe pile. In the calculations, the pipe pile, includion both the submerged and buried sections, was considered as a whole.

把钢管桩作为一个整体，用有限元法计算了几种条件下的电位分布和电流分布情况，讨论了水的电阻率、表面涂层、阳极与钢管桩的距离以及阳极长度等因素对电位分布的影响。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。