表面

The results indicate that the surface of cuprum foil cleaned by conventional method has a little oil and is easy to be oxidized in the atmosphere.

实验结果表明，常规有机溶剂清洗的铜箔，表面有微量的油污残留，暴露在空气中易氧化，经Ar等离子体清洗的铜箔，表面洁净、暴露在空气中不易氧化，Ar等离子体清洗10～20 min，表面性质最佳，清洗彻底，润湿角明显减小

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

Decay constant k of Surface Dynamics of the modified surface can be calculated using the measurement results of the contact angle and the angle - dependent XPS, being a probe, k values can be used to characterize the surfa...

通过PET表面的接触角及F/C比的测定，计算出表面动力学衰减常数k，三种测试方法得到的k值都可以用来表征碳氟等离子体处理PET的表面动力学行为，其中混合气体的k值最小。

Through the studies on the local geometrical features of Tripod Operator, an approach for 3-D surface discontinuous detection is proposed at first. A Tripod Operator based description approach for free-form 3-D surface is then investigated.

并根据Tripod算子所具有的与模型无关的局部几何特性，提出一种基于Tripod算子的任意型表面整体描述方法，利用Tripod算子提取的局部特征在整个三维表面的统计特性，对三维表面进行更为简洁、准确的整体描述。

A series of liquid laundry detergents with high efficient detergency were formulated by choosing appropriate anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.

以提高洗衣液的去污力为目标，通过调整阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂之间的比例，设计配制了一系列的洗衣液样品，分别测定各种配方20℃时洗涤国标污布前后的表面反射率，从而得到相应的去污比。

Electrons can be easily injected from thegraphitic matrix into the conduction rand of diamond under the high field which resultedfrom the projection field enhancemext.These injected electrons could reach the vacuumsurface and then emit into vacuum where the negative electron affinity or low electronaffinity could allow the electrons to re emitted more easily.

由于场增强效应，对镶嵌在非晶碳颗粒表面的金刚石晶粒来说，电子在高场作用下通过隧道效应越过金刚石晶粒与非晶碳形成的界面势垒，注入金刚石的导带，在电场的作用下迁移到表面，由于某些金刚石表面具有负电子亲和势或较小的正电子亲和势，电子较易发射进入真空。

High volume fraction interface begins to form on the surface by surface nanocrystalline treatment, supplying ideal entryway for the diffuseness of chemical elements, and can markedly lower the temperature and time of chemical treatment and enhance infiltration concentration and deepness.

金属表面自身纳米化处理可以在各种金属材料的表面获得纳米晶组织，而且纳米结构层与基体之间没有明显的界面，在使用过程中不会因为外界条件的变化而发生剥层和分离，能够明显地提高材料的表面和整体性能。

The second groove intersects the first groove set at an intersection angle such that the first optical surface (142) intersects the second optical surface (144) to define an orthogonal dihedral angle between the two surfaces.

第二沟槽组与第一沟槽组以一交角相交，以使第一光学表面（142）与第二光学表面（144）相交，而在两个表面之间限定一垂直二面角。

Surface deformation can be divided into two parts:surface dilatation and the surface shear.

表面形变可分为两部分：表面膨胀和表面切变。

Know to all, the way to bond disjunct advertising poster surfaces, we usually use mucilage, such as the 502 glue to join them together in one, but the means have a lot of disadvantages, such as:(1)Almost all of these kinds of bond are harmful on human health;(2)When work, the operation is slow and is not too satisfied in strength with the glue, to get a good strength, usually we must proceed a special handling, such as whet the surface to make the surface not smoothed, so it may cost more workers;(3)The air temperature may influence the stick strength, in low temperature environment, the bond effect maybe bad.

知道所有的方式，债券间断表面的广告海报，我们通常使用粘胶，如502胶加入他们在一起，但手段有很多缺点，如：（ 1 ）几乎所有这些种债券是有害于人类健康；（ 2 ）当工作，行动是缓慢的，而不是太满意的强度与胶水，得到良好的强度，通常我们必须特别处理，如刺激的表面，使表面不光滑，因此它可能花费更多的工人；（ 3 ）空气温度可能会影响到坚持的力量，在低温环境中，债券可能坏的影响。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。