表面

In this paper, through a series of experiments, two series of quaternary-ammounium Gemini surfactants were synthesized, namely the pair alkylene double quaternary ammonium salt surfactant m-s-m·2Br and the pair the alkylene double quaternary ammonium salt surfactant -s-·2Br. We has carried on the attribute with the infrared spectrum to its structure, and to affected the factor which the synthesis pair the alkylene double quaternary ammonium salt surfactant responded to carry on the discussion. We has discovered the synthesis pair the ethylene double quaternary ammonium salt surfactant m-2-m·2Br optimum condition: The bromo alkane and a tetramethyl ethylene diamine mole of ratio is 3.0: 1.0, makes the solvent by the ethyl alcohol, 80℃ under responds for 48 hours in the backflow temperature; Synthesis pair alkylene double quaternary ammonium salt surfactant 12-S-12 ·2Br optimum condition: 12 tertiary amine and 1, 3- propylene dibromide (1, 4- two bromines butane) a mole of ratio is 2.2: 1.0, makes the solvent by the ethyl alcohol, responds for 48 hours in the constant temperature 80 ℃ under backflow.

本文通过一系列的实验，合成了两个系列的Gemini型表面活性剂，即双烷撑双季铵盐表面活性剂m-s-m·2Br和双烷撑双季铵盐表面活性剂-s-·2Br，用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征，并且对影响合成双烷撑双季铵盐表面活性剂反应的因素进行了讨论，找出了合成双乙撑双季铵盐表面活性剂m-2-m·2Br的最佳条件：溴代烷与四甲基乙二胺的摩尔比为3.0：1.0，以乙醇作溶剂，在回流温度80℃下反应48小时；合成双烷撑双季铵盐表面活性剂12-s-12·2Br的最佳条件：十二叔胺与1，3-二溴丙烷(1，4-二溴丁烷)摩尔比为2.2：1.0，以乙醇作溶剂，在恒温80℃下回流反应48小时。

Results showed that:there were significant differences in the carbon to oxygen ratioamong various positions and processingconditions;lignin and abstracts mainly made up the surface of bamboo;high temperature drying resulted in the decomposition of volatile abstracts in the surface,whichindicated some structure of cellulose and hemicellulose,while the effects of processing with boracic acid were not apparent;the bamboo processed in hightemperature and with boracic acid showed decreasedfree hydroxide and activity at the same time;the amount of active free hydroxide of inner layer was higher thanthat of the outer.

结果表明：不同部位和不同处理条件下竹材表面的碳氧比有很大差异；竹材表面主要以木素和各种抽提物为主；高温干燥导致竹材表面易挥发的抽提物分解，使部分纤维素和半纤维素的结构特征得以显露，而硼酸处理效果不明显；高温处理和硼酸处理后竹材表面的自由羟基减少，活性降低；竹黄表面的活性自由羟基的数量高于竹青表面。

For the sake of the compatibility to gurrantee the manufacture produce dimensions , the plate that the male employs in the abundant heat sink production process is the treasure steel manufacture high grade very mould the drawing cold roll thick plate of 2.5mm's breastwork to the soldering performance of initial semi-manufactured goods of better control every workman dimensional tolerance along with well , such function of a mechine is domestic the most well-developed

乾丰散热器的表面处理包括脱脂处理、表面磷化处理以及静电喷塑。为了保证工件表面具有良好的附着性能，乾丰散热器在表面处理过程中增加了表面磷化处理，其目的是为了保证表面涂层与散热器本体的良好附着性能。为了保证处理质量，其所使用的前处理化料均为国内知名企业产品。

Notch and groove were produced on fiber's surface by plasma's pHysical bump and corrasion, meanwhile oxygenic or nitrogenic radicals were also grafted on the surface. Through hydrolyzation, acetate fiber's surface will be denuded by cellulase enzyme. Surface of the fiber will be granulated and specific surface area will be enlarged by plasma and enzyme treatment, therefore obviously improve fiber's surface performance.

等离子体对纤维的物理撞击和表面刻蚀使纤维表面产生凹坑和沟槽，同时可在纤维材料表面引入含氧或含氮基团；而纤维素酶对纤维素的水解作用，促使纤维表面被剥蚀；等离子体与生物酶处理都能使纤维表面粗糙化，比表面积增加，使纤维的表面性能得到明显改善。

The macropolarity of diaspore surfaces is high, and the adsorbed layer formed in such a manner is sporadic.

当阳离子表面活性剂浓度增加时，一水硬铝石表面的微极性降低，阳离子表面活性剂在一水硬铝石表面形成了胶束吸附，形成胶束的表面活性剂离子的数随其浓度的增加而增加，表面疏水性逐渐增强，直至完全疏水。

Furthermore, the compression-sensitivity of CFRC, which suffers three-direction-pressure is studied.Thirdly, present method of carbon fiber treatment is summarized. Treat the surface of carbon fiber with GLBE, the influence of surface-treatment of carbon fiber on the distribution and compression-sensitivity of CFRC was studied. According to the contrast of the compression-sensitivity before and after surface treatment, as well as the contrast of the distribution of carbon fiber in cement mortar, it is found that GLBE is able to improve the dispersiveness of carbon fiber.

再次，总结现有碳纤维的表面处理方法，选用液相气相双效法对纤维进行表面处理，并研究碳纤维的表面处理对纤维分散性和CFRC的压敏性的影响，通过对表面处理前后试块的压敏性和碳纤维在水泥浆体中的分散性的对比，发现碳纤维的液相气相双效法表面处理可以改善纤维的分散性，而且在循环荷载作用下还发现用这种表面处理的纤维制成的碳纤维混凝土对应变变化感应的稳定性和重复性得到有效提高。

We expect it will benefit the industry field to break through the optical measuring limits at present by offering some new ideas. Optical measuring research based on moire interferometry has developed for several decades. The main idea of this research is to utilize the moire effect caused by two superimposed gratings of identical or similar spatial frequency. One is the reference grating and it is a virtual grating created by a computer program in this research; The other grating is the image of grating projected on the measured surface by the DLP projector, and this grating will distort because of the different sloped profile of the surface. To superimpose the program-created grating and the captured distorted grating will derive the so-called moire effect. This research combined the basic theory of optical interferometry and moire effect to project the different phases of the projected grating fringes by the phase-shifting method and compute the principal value of arguments between -π,π. In the end, the phase unwrapping program based on discrete Fourier transform of solving PDEs is used to unwrap the phase of the measured surface, and finally the surface profile is derived by the optical measuring system.

以叠纹干涉术为基础的光学检测研究之发展早已行之有年，而在本研究中所采用的投影叠纹法(Projection moiré)之主要精神在於藉由两道空间频率相近或相同的光栅相互叠加而成的效应，其中一道为参考光栅，而本研究中的参考光栅是以程式产生可调整不同空间频率的虚拟光栅；另一道则为投影至待测物表面的光栅影像，而在起伏高度不一的待测表面上的光栅影像会受到待测物表面起伏状况不同而在观测方向产生光栅投影条纹影像的歪曲变形，将电脑产生的参考光栅与由影像撷取装置所获取投影於待测物表面的光栅影像作叠合，便会产生所谓的叠纹效应；利用基本的光学干涉理论与叠纹效应结合，本研究中以相移法来改变投影於待测表面的光栅相位，再以相移法的理论反运算出在带有待测面各点高度资讯之介於-π，π相位主幅角，再以离散傅立叶转换解偏微分方程的相位重建程式还原待测面的相位值，以得知待测面之表面轮廓。

The relationship between physico-chemical properties of nano-CaCO〓 and surface treating technology was studied. The results showed the coating model of micron CaCO〓 was not suitable to nano-CaCO〓. The influence of dosage of treatment agent on nano-CaCO〓 dispersion degree in matrix was studied, the results indicated it only need to passivate some active zone on nano-CaCO〓 surface.

研究结果表明，微米粒子的表面包覆活化理论不适宜用来指导纳米粒子的表面处理，在对纳米碳酸钙进行表面处理时，不需要在纳米碳酸钙表面形成完整的包覆层，只需对纳米粒子表面的部分活性点进行钝化即可，即纳米碳酸钙表面有限钝化。

As the RE ions concentration in groundwater increases or the surface sites on Mn-Fe oxide become saturated, RE ions may sorb via surface precipitation, then surface precipitation become the dominant sorption mechanism.

当离子浓度低时，形成表面络合物是占统治地位的吸附机制；当氧化物/水体系中离子浓度大时，金属离子除在表面形成表面络合物外，也可能形成表面氢氧化物沉淀，直到氧化物表面吸附点位被全部占满，这时表面沉淀则变成主要的吸附机制。

Basic symbols;Coatings;Definition;Definitions;Dimensions;Drawing specifications;Drawings;Engineering drawings;Finishes;Geometric;Geometrical product specification;GPS;Graphic representation;Graphic symbols;Inscriptions in a drawing;Letterings;Machining;Machining tolerances;Marks;Product specifications;Production processes;Products documentation;Ratings;Reference length;Reference lines;Representation of characters;Roughness;Roughness value;Specification;Statement;Surface properties;Surface roughness;Surface texture;Surface treatment;Surface-roughness measurement;Surfaces;Symbols;Technical drawing;Treatment;Wear-quantity

中文标题产品几何量技术规范。技术产品文件中表面结构的表示方式中文主题词图形表示；参考长度；尺寸；加工公差；表面性质；产品规范；覆层；制图规范；精整；表面粗糙度；粗糙度；表面粗糙度测定；表面结构；磨损量；图纸标题；表面处理；技术制图；几何的；基准线；图形符号；符号；标记；加工工艺；文字书写；产品文件；定义；表面；粗糙度值；工程图；额定值；产品几何量技术规范；GPS；叙述；处理；图纸；机械加工；字符表示；基础符号；规范验收

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。