表面

There are three primary types of wear:(1) abrasie, in which the harder of the surfaces produces grooes in the softer material,(2) adhesie, in which the softer material is transferred as a thin film onto the harder surface, and (3) fatigue, in which repetitie loading produces subsurface cracks and particles, or sheets of material subsequently delaminate and are lost from the surface.

磨损主要有三种类型：1、研磨，硬质表面在软质材料上造成沟槽；2、粘着，软质材料形成薄膜移覆于硬质物体的表面；3、疲劳，反复负载造成材料表面断裂及颗粒形成，或材料出现层裂并从表面脱落。

In this work,atomic force microscopy,near-field scanning optical microscopy,laser scanning confocal microscopy and quantum dot labeling were used to investigate the biophysical properties(the parameters including morphology,membrane nanostructures,membrane pore, friction distribution,adhesion properties,specific interaction of antigen-antibody,distribution mode of membrane receptors and so on) of T lymphocytes stimulated by phorbol dibutyrate plus ionomycin at nanoscale.

本论文基于AFM和NSOM，结合量子点标记及激光共聚焦等技术，以人外周血T淋巴细胞为研究对象，在纳米尺度研究了活化前后以及不同活化阶段T细胞生物物理特性的变化，即细胞形态结构、膜表面纳米结构、膜孔变化、膜表面摩擦力分布、膜表面粘附特性、抗原-抗体间特异性相互作用力、膜表面受体分子分布模式等。

At present, a kind of novel surfactant oligomeric surfactant which have high surface activity have become one of focus on surfactant research. A typical example of them is dimeric or Gemini surfactant.

当前，一类新型的表面活性剂—低聚表面活性剂成为研究的热点，其中典型的例子是二聚表面活性剂，也称为双子表面活性剂。

Conclusion1 Critically ill patients with indwelling catheters were of the high positive rate of microorganisms,and microorganism spectrum was of special properties;BF formed mainly inside the catheter,the occurrence rate of BF inside the catheter was high and the formation time was short;Changes on catheters and the result of microorganisms was positively correlated with the BF formation.2 Indwelling catheter time was the independent risk factors for the BF formatiom, while age、APACHEⅡscore、sex、urine sugar and the types of antibiotic usage were the potential risk factors for the BF formation;Nurses should perfect the catheter measures for critical ill patients,emphasis on the assessment of risk factors of BF formation,and implement special care in high-risk patients.3 In the early stage of BF formation,irrigation could play the role of eradicative BF effectively;While later,it couldn't,but it can delay the speed of BF formation and maturation;In the choice of washing methods,injection type washing method is superior to infusion.

结论1重危患者留置尿管微生物培养阳性率高，且微生物菌谱具有特殊性；重危患者尿管表面BF主要在尿管内壁形成；内壁BF的发生率高，形成时间短；肉眼观察尿管表面改变情况以及微生物鉴定结果与BF形成呈正相关。2尿管留置时间是重危患者留置尿管表面BF形成的独立危险因素；年龄、APAcHEⅡ评分、性别、尿糖定性以及抗生素使用种类是其可能的危险因素；护理过程中应完善重危患者尿管护理措施，注重对BF危险因素的评估，并对高危患者实施重点护理。3 BF形成早期，冲洗能发挥较好的清除作用；BF形成后期，冲洗无法彻底清除尿管表面BF，但冲洗能延缓BF形成与成熟的速度；在冲洗方式的选择上，注洗式冲洗法对尿管BF的清除效果优于输注式冲洗法。

The results show that, by the way of optimizing preparation condition, the spherical zirconia powders with suitable particle size distribution are prepared using chemical precipitation method. Using heterogeneous chemical precipitation coating technique, the sph, erical nickel coated zirconia powders are prepared and the heterogeneous nucleation can be done on the surface of spherical zirconia powders. The thickness of coated layer, homogeneous degree and crack of surface can be controlled by the way of controlling powder concentration, adding rate of reactants feeding and adding surface active agent.

研究表明，采用化学沉淀法，通过优化制备工艺条件，可以制备粒径分布较均匀的球形氧化锆粉体；利用非均相化学沉淀包裹技术制备的金属镍包裹氧化锆微球粉体，球形氧化锆颗粒表面作为异相成核的场所，通过控制颗粒浓度、加料速度以及添加表面活性剂等工艺条件，可以调控包裹层厚度、表面均匀度以及表面裂纹等。

A part of the flat fibers remained on the sheet surface and the interspace among the fibers became narrow after chlorine dioxide bleaching. The fibers of bagasse and bamboo unbleached pulps were rough, the fiber surface was smooth, and the fiber structure was dense. After oxygen delignification and chlorine dioxide bleaching, the fibers became much more thin, the fiber surface was slightly fibrillated, and the fiber structure was loosen.

经氧脱木素后，纸页表面细小纤维明显减少，纤维间空隙较多，而经二氧化氯漂白后的纸页表面保留了一部分形态扁平的纤维，纤维间空隙相对较少；蔗渣和竹子未漂浆纤维较粗，纤维表面光滑，结构密实，而经氧脱木素和二氧化氯漂白后，纤维明显变细，纤维表面轻微帚化，结构较疏松。

Mm. 7.5.3 Requirements for quality of weld joint's surface: a No crack, not fusional, bubble, slag, splash; b Surface of seam of pipeline with design temperature lower than -29℃, stainless steel pipeline and alloy steel pipeline with trend of harden quenching shall be free from undercut.

The surface shall be smooth 7.5.3 焊接接头表面的质量应符合下列要求： 28 SH 3501-2002 a 不得有裂纹，未熔合，气孔，夹渣，飞溅存在； b设计温度低于-29℃的管道，不锈钢和淬硬倾向较大的合金钢管道焊缝表面，不得有咬边现象；其他材质管道焊缝咬边深度不应大于 0.5mm，连续咬边长度不应大于 100mm，且焊缝两侧咬边总长不大于该焊缝全长的 10%； c 焊缝表面不得低于管道表面，焊缝余高Δh 应符合下列要求： 1 100%射线检测焊接接头，其Δh≤1+0.2b1，且不大于 2mm； 2 其余的焊接接头，Δh≤1+0.2b1，且不大于 3mm。

Three dimensional (3D) honeycomb-like porous structures made up of nanoslices of hydroxy cupric phosphate heptahydrate Cu8(PO3OH2(PO4)4·7H2O single crystals were constructed by a facile assistant surface oxidation technology. The pore size of the 3D structure ranges from hundreds of nanometers to two micrometers, and the thickness of the two dimensional (2D) nanoslices is about 50~100 nm. The wettability of the porous surfaces was transformed from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic by chemical modification with octadecanethiol or PDES.

相对于硬脂酸修饰表面，氟硅烷修饰表面对水滴具有更低的接触角滞后和较低的黏着，这可能是因为氟硅烷比硬脂酸具有更低的表面自由能所致。2、利用酸辅助的表面氧化技术制备了由Cu8(PO3OH)2(PO4)4·7H2O单晶组成的三维蜂巢状多孔结构，孔尺寸约为几百纳米到2微米，二维的纳米片厚度为50~100 nm。

It is very detrimental to materials performance. From the viewpoint of the effects of PPB precipitation on the frature of hipped P/M Rene'95, the surface segregation and reaction in Rene'95 powder metallurgy superalloy were analyzed by modern surface techniques and by electron microscopy. The mechanisms of the formation and reduction of PPB precipitation are revealed.

本文从原始颗粒边界析出对热等静压压坯断裂的作用的角度出发，利用现代表面分析技术及电子显微分析技术研究了Rene′95雾化粉末表面的偏析、预处理粉末的表面反应和表面析出相的粗化规律以及热等静压压坯的界面反应和原始颗粒边界析出相，揭示了原始颗粒边界析出的形成机理和预处理方法改善原始颗粒边界析出的原因。

The structures and composition of the precipitates at PHT powder surface and at PPB of hipped materials are investigated. The formation of PPB precipitation is directly related to the surface conditions of as-atomized powder. Precipitates at PPB are mainly MC carbides and ZrO〓.

预处理粉末表面及压坯原始颗粒边界的表面成分及析出相分析表明，原始颗粒边界析出的形成是与雾化粉末表面状况直接相关的，表面或界面析出相主要是MC型的碳化物和ZrO〓。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。