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The first part of the book is concerned with rings and modules, matrices over a ring, affine geometry and projective geometry over a Bezout domain.

内容包括：基本概念，群表示的特徵标，点群的表示，群代数与对称群的表示，有限群的实表示与复表示，有限群表示在群论中某些应用和有限群的模表示等。

Fail don't mean you is a for failed, fail to just mean you haven't succeeded; Fail don't mean you a have no become, fail to mean you get experience; Fail don't mean you are a stupid person who don't know to improvise, failing to mean you have Attic faith; Fail don't mean you have to has been suppressing not and quickly, failing to mean you take pleasure in trying.......

失败并不表示你是一为失败者，失败只是表示你尚未成功；失败并不表示你一无所成，失败表示你得到经验；失败并不表示你是一个不知变通的蠢人，失败表示你有坚定的信念；失败并不表示你必须一直压抑不快，失败表示你乐意尝试。。。。。。。

After graduation/liberation; all night long; at dinner; at first; at last; at night; at noon; at once; at present; at war; at work; from time to time; for sale; in life; in need; in need of; in time; in time of; on duty; on sale; on show; on strike; on time; on watch at hand; in bed; in camp; in public; in space; in town; on top of; at/in peace with; beyond reach of; out of reach; within reach; in colour; in character; in debt; in fact; in half/into halves; in honour of; in line; in order; in price; in rags; in operation; in return; in search of; in use; for example; out of breath; out of danger; out of order; out of sight; on guard; on fire; without pride; under construction/ repair,etc.

第八章 动词与动词短语一，动词的分类从其含义来分，动词可分为行为动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词四类：类别行为动词及物动词特点有完整的意义，能独立作谓语，可以有宾语，可以有被动语态有完整的意义，能独立作谓语，不带宾语，没有被动语态表示相对静止的状态表示短暂动作不能持续，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用动作可以持续，可以同表示一段时间的状语连用表示具有某种性质，特征和出于某种状态表示动词的动作和过程所产生的结果或状态表示某种持续的状态表示说话人对所说行为的看法，必须与其他动词一起构成谓语。

The paper aims at the difficulty of preference representation, according to the concept of preference number and structure and compound rule, builds the model for aggregating group preference, and denotes preference structure with model of neural network, then gives out a methodology that preference is denoted by interval number, builds the model based on neural network and group preference, so preference representation is nonlinear, self-adapting, relearning.

针对决策偏好表示和集结的难点，在给出偏好由数量描述和结构描述的概念基础上，根据群体决策复合准则，建立了群体决策偏好集结的模型，并将神经网络模型用于表示决策者的偏好结构。提出用区间数表示决策者偏好的方法，建立群体偏好表示的神经网络模型，使得偏好的表示具有非线性，自适应及可学习的特点。

In order to analyze the influence of filled metal particles on impact force for hydraulic pile hammer, analytical solution of mathematic model for pile hammer filled with metal particles considering effects of metal particles was presented. In the solution, lumped mass were used as metal particles, a spring was used as contact stiffness between metal particles and hammer body, different variable lumped masses were used as pile hammer, the ram and anvil, a spring and a dashpot were used as the anvil cushion and pile respectively.

为分析填充金属颗粒对打桩锤锤击力的影响，考虑填充金属颗粒的作用，用集中质量块表示填充的金属颗粒，用弹簧模拟金属颗粒与锤体相碰处的接触刚度，用不同的集中质量块表示桩锤、砧座和桩帽，用并联的弹簧、阻尼器表示锤垫，用弹簧表示桩垫，用阻尼器表示桩，建立了平衡方程。

Pitch is a combination number of a one-to-two ratio indicating the spline proporti******; the upper or first number is the diametral pitch, the lower or second number is the stub pitch and denotes, as that fractional part of an inch, the basic radial length of engagement, both above and below the pitch circle.

径节分数：径节分数是由两个数组成的一个比率，它表示的是花键的比例；设这个比率为A/B，则在这个分数中第一个数A表示的是花键的径节，第二个数B表示的是残余径节，径节表示的是在节圆上方的键齿在半径方向上的结合长度，残余径节表示的是在节圆下方的键齿在半径方向上的结合长度。

According to the Marr's visual theory, a novel face image presentation model, dual attribute graph , is put forward in the thesis. Each node of the graph has two attributes, local principal component coefficient and Gabor coefficient. So the presentation of face image can be converted from gray level to more high level.

根据Marr的视觉表示理论，本文提出了新的人脸图象表示形式---双属性图表示，属性图中每个节点有两个属性特征，局部主成分系数特征以及Gabor系数特征；从而将人脸图象的灰度级表示，转化为更高一级表示。

It solves the problem that the unitary contour presentation can not correctly extract face contour in a face image which suffers from scale, rotation etc. The definition of the internal and external energy function is provided. At the same time, the global matching algorithm and local matching algorithm is given. The experiment shows that this presentation and the accompanying matching algorithm can be used to extract the face contour very well. So the image segmentation can be implemented by using it.②By analyzing the recognition principle of PCA method, we can conclude that the face images coming from different surrounding consist of different face image space. This is the essential reason that makes the generality of PCA method worse. Also, we give a measurement means to measure the distance from different face image space, so we can analyze face image space more conveniently.③We also construct various scale models and rotation pose models to detect the scale and rotating angle of face image to be recognized. The experiment results show that the detecting precision is very high. So it is good for face image feature extraction and face image representation.④Similarly, we construct local feature models of face image and utilize them to detect the local feature of face image. At the same time, we put forward a novel face image local feature detection algorithm, locating step by step. The experiment results show that this method can accurately detect the location of local face feature in a image.⑤A novel face image presentation model, dual attribute graph , is put forward. Firstly, it utilizes attribute graph to present the face image, then exact the local principal component coefficient and Gabor transform coefficient of thc pixels which corresponds to the nodes of the graph as the attribute of the nodes. This representation fully makes use of the statistical characteristic of the local face feature and utilizes Gabor transform to present the topographical structure of face image. So DAG has more general property.⑥Based on the DAG presentation, we give a DAG matching function and matching algorithm. During the design of the function and algorithm, the noise factor, e. g., lighting, scale and rotation pose are considered and tried to be eliminated. So the algorithm can give more general property.⑦A general face image recognition system is implemented. The experiment show the system can get better recognition performance under the noise surrounding of lighting, scale and rotation pose.

本文在上述研究的基础上，取得了如下主要研究成果：①构造了一个通用的人脸轮廓模型表示，解决了由于人脸图象尺度、旋转等因素而使得仅用单一轮廓表示无法正确提取人脸轮廓的问题，并给出了模型内、外能函数的定义，同时给出了模型的全局与局部匹配算法，实验表明，使用这种表示形式以及匹配算法，能够较好地提取人脸图象的轮廓，可实际用于人脸图象的分割；②深入分析了PCA方法的识别机制，得出不同成象条件下的人脸图象构成不同的人脸图象空间的结论，同时指出这也是造成PCA方法通用性较差的本质原因，并给出了不同人脸空间距离的一种度量方法，使用该度量方法能够直观地对人脸图象空间进行分析；③构造了各种尺度模板、旋转姿势模板以用于探测待识人脸图象的尺度、旋转角度，实验结果表明，探测精确度很高，从而有利于人脸图象特征提取，以及图象的有效表示；④构造了人脸图象的各局部特征模板，用于人脸图象局部特征的探测；同时提出了一种新的人脸图象局部特征探测法---逐步求精定位法，实验结果表明，使用这种方法能够精确地得到人脸图象各局部特征的位置；⑤提出了一种新的人脸图象表示法---双属性图表示法；利用属性图来表示人脸图象，并提取图节点对应图象位置的局部主成分特征系数以及Gabor变换系数作为图节点的属性，这种表示方法充分利用了人脸图象的局部特征的统计特性，并且使用Gabor变换来反映人脸图象的拓扑结构，从而使得双属性图表示法具有较强的通用性；⑥在双属性图表示的基础上，给出双属性图匹配函数及匹配算法，在函数及算法设计过程中，考虑并解决了光照、尺度、旋转姿势变化等因素对人脸图象识别的影响，使得匹配算法具有较强的通用性；⑦设计并实现了一个通用的人脸图象识别系统，实验结果表明，该系统在图象光照、尺度、旋转姿势情况下，得到了较好的识别效果。

With the experimental data, operation time of contour extraction of binary image represented by rectangle NAM is 0.31 to 0.86 times of that of image represented by matrix, operation time of Euler number computing of binary rectangle NAM image is 0.11 to 0.63 times of that of the pattern algorithm, operation time of connected component labeling of binary image represented by rectangle NAM is 0.08 to 0.37 times of that of image represented by matrix, 0.05 to 0.12 times of that of image represented by quadtree.

实验数据表明，采用矩形NAM表示的二值图像轮廓提取算法的执行时间是矩阵表示的0.31至0.86；矩形NAM表示的欧拉数计算执行时间是模板算法的0.11至0.63；矩形NAM表示的连通区域标记算法执行时间是矩阵表示的0.08至0.37，四元树表示的0.05至0.12。

A circle shear device for cutting holes in sheet metal as in claim 1 wherein: a said upper center shaft includes a first platform member disposed rotatably connected adjacent a lower end of said upper center shaft for supporting a top surface of said provided metal sheet; b said lower center shaft includes a second platform member disposed rotatably connected adjacent an upper end of said lower center shaft for supporting a bottom surface of said provided metal sheet; and c said upper and lower support platform members engaging top and bottom surfaces of said provided metal sheet to prevent metal sheet movement when said cutter wheels are brought into shearing contact with said provided metal sheet.

一个圈剪切装置切割孔金属板材作为权利要求1 ，其中： A ）表示，上中心轴，包括第一次会员平台弃置rotatably连接相邻较低月底上说，中心轴为支持一个顶面的表示，提供金属板材； B ）表示，较低的中心轴，包括第二个平台会员弃置rotatably连接相邻上月底表示，较低的中心轴为支持一个底部表面的说，提供金属板材； C ）表示，上，下支撑平台成员从事顶部和底部表面的表示，提供金属板，以防止金属板运动时说，刀车轮被带入剪切接触说，提供金属板材。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。