表皮

The outer layer of apical meristem, from which the epidermis is formed.

表皮原顶端分生组织的外层，表皮就是从这里形成的

Methods Peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs were infected in vitro by three different Leptospira strains, the virulent Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai type strain Lai, the avirulent L. interrogans serovar Lai type strain IPAV, and the nonpathogenic L. biflexa serovar Patoc type strain PatocⅠ, respectively, and heat inactivated Staphylococcus epidermidis was added 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 h after infection and incubated for 30 min. The effect of Leptospira on the phagocytosis of macrophage was evaluated by the inactivated Staphylococcus epidermidis phagocytosis rate and phagocytosis index. Phagocytosis and ultrastructure of peritoneal macrophages were observed by transmission electron microscopy 3 h after infection, and changes of cytoskeleton of the macrophages were observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy.

用三种不同毒力的钩体（致病性问号钩端螺旋体赖型有毒株Lai株、赖型无毒株IPAV株以及非致病性双曲钩端螺旋体Patoc型PatocⅠ株）分别感染体外培养的豚鼠腹腔巨噬细胞，并分别于感染后0.5、1.5、3和6 h加入热灭活表皮葡萄球菌孵育30 min，通过计算巨噬细胞对灭活表皮葡萄球菌的吞噬率和吞噬指数，检测钩体对巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响；感染后3 h透射电镜观察巨噬细胞对钩体的吞噬、降解和细胞超微结构的变化；用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞对钩体的吞噬和巨噬细胞细胞骨架的变化。

Based upon analysis of twice international architectural design competitions further research is carried out to study the open and hide of architectural surface .

从对两次国际建筑竞赛的分析入手，展开了对建筑表皮开放与隐藏两个话题的深入研究，探讨了不同建筑师对待建筑表皮各自的建筑观和态度的差异，为引发建筑师的进一步思考与研究提供了基础。

Antibacterial function of body wall was conducted by the following way: microorganism was directly resisted through the change of cuticle, such as incrassation of up-cuticle protuberance and increasing length of micro-floccus in the up-cuticle dissociation surface; exudation function of large granular orthochromatic mucous cells and reticulation mucous cells in the epidermis could be enhanced when the Eisenia fetida was induced by E. coli. Moreover, the mucus that contained compound substance of mucopolysaccharide and protein could make the bactericidal function or dilute the microorganism on the surface of earthworm, which could protect earthworm from invasion of microorganism; the content of neutral mucopolysaccharide of antibacterial function could be increased according with the exudation increment of small granular proteinaceous cells in the epidermis, which could resist bacteria invading into the epidermis of earthworm.

结果表明：蚯蚓的体壁主要是通过以下途径来抗细菌的侵袭：一是通过角质层的变化(如上胶层突起的增厚、上角层游离面中微绒毛的变长等)直接抵抗微生物的入侵；二是增加表皮中大颗粒粘液细胞和网状细胞的分泌功能，分泌出大量含有粘多糖蛋白液体复合物的粘液，在蚯蚓体表对细菌进行稀释或者起到直接杀菌的作用；三是通过增加小颗粒蛋白细胞的分泌作用，在蚯蚓的表皮中分泌出更多的抵抗疾病的中性粘多糖，从而抵抗进入蚯蚓体表内的细菌。

Based on fiber Bragg grating, the authors develop an on-line temperature monitoring system for power cables and measure outer surface temperature of cables under different laying modes; analyze the relation among cable temperature, ambient temperature and load of cable lines.

为此设计了基于光纤光栅的电缆温度在线监测系统，实测了不同敷设方式下电缆的表皮温度；分析了电缆温度与环境温度以及线路负荷间的关系；采用等效热路法，由监测到的电缆表皮温度拟合出电缆的实际载流量，实现了对电缆温度及载流量的在线监测，确保电缆运行的安全性与经济性。

Methods The formation of mouse-tail scale epidermis was used as the epidermis parakeratosis model, and different groups of mouse were treated with rhIL-11 or methotrexate.

采用小鼠尾部鳞片表皮颗粒层形成模型，不同组别的小鼠给予rhIL-11或甲氨喋呤，观察其对鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层和血清IL-2含量的影响。

Methods The formation of mouse-tail scale epidermis were used as the epidermis parakeratosis model,different groups of mouse were treated with rhIL-11or methotrexate.

采用小鼠尾部鳞片表皮颗粒层形成模型，不同组别的小鼠给以白细胞介素-11或甲氨蝶呤，观察其对鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层和血清IL-2含量的影响。

Pathological changes of the organization, mainly the epidermal cuticle significant parakeratosis, acanthosis cell layer thickening, epidermal sudden downward extension of in-depth dermis.

本型组织病理改变，主要是表皮角质层有显著角化不全，棘细胞层增厚，表皮突向下延展，深入真皮。

We isolated nine cuticle protein genes, two peptidase genes, and various tubulin isotypes through the EST catalog, and one cuticle protein gene and two protease genes through the microarray analysis.

我们经由EST资料库找到9个表皮蛋白基因，2个胜肽脢基因，和多种的同功型微管蛋白，以及利用微阵列分析找到1个表皮蛋白基因和2个蛋白脢基因。

Autologous cultured epidermis containing a controlled number of melanocytes induced repigmentation of all piebald lesions, with mean percentage repigmentation of 95.45%(2,791.5 cm2 repigmented/2,924.2 cm2 transplanted).

自体培养表皮包含了一组引发所有白斑病灶再色素沉淀的已被掌握数目的黑色素细胞，其再色素沉淀的平均百分比为95.45%(2，791.5 cm2 再色素沉淀面积/2，924.2 cm2 已移植表皮面积)。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐