表皮

By histological comparison, the structure of the autotomized tissue was different from other mantle tissue. Sinus and blood spaces were found in the autotomized tissue. Structural changes before and after autotomy in the autotomized tissue were from dense to sparse creases in the epidermis and dense to loose in the connective tissue.

组织学观察发现：自割组织结构与一般外套膜不同，具有血窦和较多的血腔；自割前之自割组织腹面表皮有很多褶皱，背面表皮则较平坦，内部组织紧密；自割后之自割组织膨大，背、腹面表皮形态改变，腹面表皮褶皱减少，内部组织蓬松。

The results of character evolution history reconstruction shows the SC in PT and AD clade might be a homoplasy character; also, the SC in PT clade might have multiple origins. SC in Pteridaceae has some special characteristics:(1) the cell long axes usually run parallel to the lateral veins;(2) Most of Pteris and Adianum species have VSC only in lower epidermis;(3) Species have ISC also have VSC.(4) Presence of spicular cells is highly correlated with the long veinal epidermal cells. Species have type III silica deposition type usually have longer and narrower veinal epidermal cell compared with ordinary epidermal cells; Species have type IV silica deposition type also have long epidermal cells, but not significantly different from ordinary epidermal cells.

本实验中亦发现凤尾蕨科之矽异形细胞具有几项特色：(1)矽异形细胞之长轴多与叶片侧脉方向平行(2)发现多数铁线蕨属以及凤尾蕨属植物仅下表皮具有脉上矽异形细胞；(3)具有脉间矽异形细胞的种类会同时具有脉上矽异形细胞；(4)长条形的侧脉上表皮细胞与矽异形细胞具有相关性，仅具脉上矽异形细胞的分类群之脉上表皮细胞均较一般表皮细胞细长；具有脉间矽异形细胞之物种之脉上表皮细胞亦为长条形但形态与一般表皮细胞常无明显形态差异。

The type and the size of epidermis cell, epidermis hair, stomata apparatus and inside blade tissue;Ascertaining by measuring the epidermis cell thickness of the stem, the type and density of the epidermis hair,the density of lenticel; the thickness of cortex, phellogen, vascular tissue and pith;And calculate the ratio of cortex and radius, the ratio of vascular tissue and radius, the ratio of pith and radius…….

测定出叶片表皮细胞、角质层和厚角组织厚度，表皮毛、气孔器和叶内组织的类型、大小等；测定出茎的表皮细胞厚度，表皮毛的类型和密度，皮孔密度，皮层、栓皮层、维管组织和髓的厚度，计算皮层与半径之比，维管组织与半径之比，髓与半径之比等。

One of the many small, platelike dermal or epidermal structures that characteristically form the external covering of fishes, reptiles, and certain mammals.

真皮与表皮交界处凹凸不平，形成许多真皮乳头和表皮突一、表皮表皮主要由角朊细胞组成，。。。

Their skin color to red, white-based, but with different fillings and decoration: muffin color white, the three walnut inlay, stuffing for white sugar, between pine nut kernels; Rose cake red skin color, printed on rose petals 6 , filling in sugar, mainly roses;tai shi cake white skin color, stained with sesame, fordou sha xian ; Longfeng cake red skin color, printed with dragon and phoenix patterns, filling in sugar, bananas, mainly silk roses; hawthorn Tao was peach, red under the skin on the Green, a Hawthorn-based stuffing.

其外皮色泽以红、白为主，但所用馅料及装饰不同：松饼色白，上嵌3个核桃仁，内为白糖馅，间有松子仁；玫瑰饼表皮色红，印有6朵玫瑰花瓣，馅以白糖、玫瑰花为主；太师饼表皮色白，沾有芝麻，内为豆沙馅；龙凤饼表皮色红，印有龙凤图案，馅以白糖、香蕉、玫瑰丝为主；山楂桃呈桃形，表皮上红下绿，馅以山楂为主。

RESULTS: The expression of FGF10 mRNA in epidermis specimens was found in psoriatic lesion,uninvolved and normal epidermis with in situ hybridization.

结果： 原位杂交法检测发现，在22例正常皮肤组织、银屑病皮损和未受累皮肤表皮的全层或表皮中下层可见FGF10 mRNA表达(95%)；在正常皮肤表皮的基底层或少量细胞内可见FGF10 mRNA的表达(5%)；在寻常型银屑病非皮损表皮的中下层或个别细胞内可见FGF10 mRNA的表达(82%)。

The results showed that leaf epidermal cells were polygonous or irregular in shape. Stomatal complexes only present on abaxial epidermis and the stomata was paracytic type. There were five types of anticlinal walls of abaxial and adaxial cells (straight, rounded, undulated, sinuous, straight-curved). Trichomes on abaxial epidermis exist or not. Ornamention types of periclinal walls could be divided into punctuate, smooth and striate. Ornamention of periclinal walls on inner side of abaxial epidermal cells varied widely (irregular, smooth, roughly reticular, micro hairy, granular, scaly).

结果表明：润楠属植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形，气孔复合体均为平列型且仅分布在下表皮；上下表皮细胞的垂周壁式样有5种类型：平直、圆滑、技波、波状、平直－弓形；下表皮毛被有或无；上表皮平周壁纹饰类型有：点状、平滑、条纹；下表皮内面平周壁纹饰类型有：不规则、平滑、粗糙网状、微毛状、颗粒状、鳞片状。

The results showed that leaf epidermal cells were polygonous or irregular in shape. Stomatal complexes only present on abaxial epidermis and the stomata was paracytic type. There were five types of anticlinal walls of abaxial and adaxial cells (straight, rounded, undulated, sinuous, straight-curved). Trichomes on abaxial epidermis exist or not. Ornamention types of periclinal walls could be divided into punctuate, smooth and striate. Ornamention of periclinal walls on inner side of abaxial epidermal cells varied widely (irregular, smooth, roughly reticular, micro hairy, granular, scaly).

结果表明：润楠属植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形，气孔复合体均为平列型且仅分布在下表皮；上下表皮细胞的垂周壁式样有5种类型：平直、圆滑、浅波、波状、平直-弓形；下表皮毛被有或无；上表皮平周壁纹饰类型有：点状、平滑、条纹；下表皮内面平周壁纹饰类型有：不规则、平滑、粗糙网状、微毛状、颗粒状、鳞片状。

Catenin was detected in suprabasal, epidermal basal layer, placode, hair bud in early phase(E68～93),and expressed strongly in epidermal basal layer, placode, and hair bud, in suprabasal expressed less strongly; in metaphase(E94～184),β-catenin was detected in epidermis, hair peg, and in suprabasal, epidermal basal layer, hair follicle bulge, inner root sheath, outer root sheath, follicular infundibulum expressed less strongly; in late phase(E184～225),β-catenin expressed weakly in epidermal basal layers, while expressed strongly in epidermal keratinocytes.

结果显示：β-catenin在胎牛蹄边缘毛囊形态发生早期(68～93天)表达于表皮、基底层、基板和毛芽中，其中基底层、基板、毛芽中呈强阳性，表皮中呈中阳性；在毛囊形态发生中期(94～184天)表达于基底层、表皮和毛钉中，其中基底层、表皮、隆突区、内外根鞘和漏斗部呈中阳性；在毛囊形态发生晚期(184～225天)只在表皮及基底层有表达，其中基底层呈弱阳性，表皮呈强阳性。

And the leaves are green. The upper and lower epidermises of Prunus persica leaves are fuchsia, the mesophyll cells with chloroplast are green, chlorophyll/anthocyanin ratio is 8.88:1, and the leaves are fuchsia. The upper epidermis of Zebrina pendula leaves is colorless and transparent, the lower epidermis is purple, mesophyll cells are green, chlorophyll/anthocyanin ratio is 26.05:1, and the back of the leaves is green and the front side is fuchsia. The upper and lower epidermises of Berberis thunbergii cv. atropurpurea are transparent and colorless, palisade tissue is red and spongy tissue is a mixture of red and green, chlorophyll/anthocyanin ratio is 2.79:1, and the leaves are purple.

结果表明：大叶黄杨的叶解剖结构中上下表皮均无色，叶肉呈现绿色，m：m＝395.5：1，叶子呈现绿色；紫叶碧桃叶片的上下表皮均呈紫红色，叶肉呈现绿色，m：m＝8.88：1，叶子呈现紫红色；吊竹梅叶片上表皮无色透明，下表皮呈紫色，叶肉绿色，m：m＝26.05：1，外观呈现背面绿色、腹面紫红色；红叶小檗叶片的上下表皮均无色透明，叶肉中的栅栏组织呈红色，海绵组织呈红绿夹杂的颜色，m：m＝2.79：1，叶子呈现紫红色。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。