行政诉讼

As there is the difference between the judicial review about the administrative affirmance of facts in administrative litigation and the review about the affirmance of facts in civil litigation and criminal litigation and there is the difference between the judicial review and the administrative affirmance of facts, on the premise of the necessary respect for the administrative affirmance of facts, courts should, based on whether the process of the administrative affirmance of facts and the putative facts is rational or not, adopt different judicial review standard to the different generic problem of administrative facts .

正由于法院在行政诉讼中对行政机关认定事实的司法审查，有别于刑事、民事诉讼的事实认定，行政诉讼中的事实审查也不同于行政机关的事实认定，因此，法院应当在尊重行政机关对事实问题所作出判断的基础上，以行政机关认定事实过程及其推定的事实是否合理为基点，针对个案具体情形的差异，采用不同的审查标准，对不同类的行政事实问题予以审查。

However, Single assignment of burden of proof cannot adapt to actual judicial practices with the complicated objective. Therefore, we have established the principle of assignments of burden of proof in the administrative procedure law. we shall insist the guidence of human rights and judicial fairness, and establish a multi-layered and synthetical system of assignment according to the condition that claimer undertake the responsibility of proof.

单一的举证责任分配原则，是无法适应复杂的行政诉讼实践需要的，以公民权对抗行政权的行政诉讼，其诉讼宗旨注定了行政诉讼举证责任分配原则的确立，应在坚持保障人权和司法公正的法律理念指导下，建立起一个以请求权人承担权利形成要件的证明责任为基础、以遇有疑问时有利于自由民等标准为补充的多层次综合分配体机制。

The second part mostly analyzes the legal status of high school and the suability of higher education administrative power. During this part, the writer proposes that we should take the experiences of the France and Germany and give high school the status of artificial people of state officer. The third part introduces during which situation judicial power can interfere with higher education administrative power. Then this part sums up four aspects of high school educational administrative power which can be in the scope of judicial review of administrative actions. The fourth part mainly researches the principle during the trial of higher education administrative cases and claim that bring the basic principles of administrative law into hi...

在这一部分，笔者在借鉴法国和德国高校法律地位的基础上提出了赋予我国高校"公务法人"地位的观点，并进行了论证；第三部分首先研究了确定高等教育行政诉讼受案范围应考虑的因素，然后归纳了高校教育行政权的四个方面作为高等教育行政诉讼的受案范围；第四部分主要研究了高等教育行政案件的审理原则，提出了将行政法基本原则引入高等教育行政诉讼的主张，并在理论上进行了详细的论证；第五部分论证了高校、教育行政机关的被告地位和高校学生、高考考生的原告地位；第六部分主要从特征和分配两个角度分析了高等教育行政诉讼的举证责任。

The Res Judicata of Administrative Judgment that embodies the ultimacy and authority of justice in administrative Litigation realm is the intrinsic requirements of administrative Litigation.

中文摘要行政判决的既判力，是司法的终局性、权威性在行政诉讼领域的内在要求与具体体现；行政判决既判力理论与行政诉权理论相呼应，是关于行政诉讼终结点的理论，在整个行政诉讼法学的理论体系中处于"理论支柱"性的、不可或缺的地位。

During the amending process, we should implement the principle of primacy of protecting the citizens' legal rights and emphasize studying and solving the following subjects regarding the systematical innovation and improvement in order to protect the citizens' legal rights effectively: protecting the citizens' legal rights should be the leading purpose of the legislation of administrative litigation; the principle of judicial ultimacy should be abided in the mechanism of solving administrative disputes; the scopes of accepting cases, participants and relieves in administrative litigation should be broadened; and both fairness and efficiency should be considered in the legislation of administrative litigation.

在修法过程中必须顺应行政法治发展的世界潮流，注重研究解决如下制度创新与改进的课题：行政争议解决机制应坚持司法最终性，应扩大行政诉讼受案范围、行政诉讼参加人范围和行政诉讼救济范围，行政诉讼立法应兼顾公平与效率，以更有效地保护公民合法权益。

The subject matter of standing in administrative litigation,which is mainly about the judicial protection of "individuals"aggrieved by an alleged misuse of administrative power ,is itself an area where the characteristics and basic trend of the constitutionalization of socialist China are vividly demonstrated.

内容摘要：内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原告资格本身也是一个&场&，它向我们提供了社会主义中国宪政化的特性和基本走势。

The subject matter of standing in administrative litigation,which; is mainly about the judicial protection; of "individuals"aggrieved by an alleged; misuse of administrative power ,is;; itself; an area where the characteristics and basic trend of the constitutionalization of socialist; China;; are vividly demonstrated.

内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原告资格本身也是一个&内容提要：行政诉讼原告资格所关注的对象主要是公民权益受到行政权侵犯后寻求司法权保护的问题。但行政诉讼原告资格本身也是一个&场，它向我们提供了社会主义中国宪政化的特性和基本走势。

According to the classification of organization, structure rule and action structure and using the Court as the object, the author has his suggestion on solving the problems existing in our country\'s administrative structure and on how to structuralize the system.

按照行政诉讼的组织结构、规则结构、行为结构的分类，以法院为对象对国行政诉讼组织结构存在的问题和制度重构提出了自己的主张，提出应当以司法独立为目标，进行司法体制改革；以权益保障为目标完善行政诉讼规则结构；以促进社会和谐为追求，建立科学合理的行政诉讼行为结构。

Hans. Bossier pointed out the importance of Ontology in the scientific research.

本体论范畴是对行政诉讼的存在及其本质的认识和概括，反映行政诉讼是什么，不是什么，以及行政诉讼的构成要素和结构形态。

So we should reconstruct this system to let it guide litigation practice better.To achieve that goal.it is necessary to set up an unified duration standard,amend and add some prescriptions of statute of limitation.

为更好地指导我国行政诉讼实践，应重构我国行政诉讼期间制度，设立一个统一的期间标准，修改部分行政诉讼期间，并增设部分行政诉讼期间，以完善我国的行政诉讼制度。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。