行政的

As there is the difference between the judicial review about the administrative affirmance of facts in administrative litigation and the review about the affirmance of facts in civil litigation and criminal litigation and there is the difference between the judicial review and the administrative affirmance of facts, on the premise of the necessary respect for the administrative affirmance of facts, courts should, based on whether the process of the administrative affirmance of facts and the putative facts is rational or not, adopt different judicial review standard to the different generic problem of administrative facts .

正由于法院在行政诉讼中对行政机关认定事实的司法审查，有别于刑事、民事诉讼的事实认定，行政诉讼中的事实审查也不同于行政机关的事实认定，因此，法院应当在尊重行政机关对事实问题所作出判断的基础上，以行政机关认定事实过程及其推定的事实是否合理为基点，针对个案具体情形的差异，采用不同的审查标准，对不同类的行政事实问题予以审查。

Adminstrative compensation is a kind of administrative responsibility in a broad sense, which is based on the legal action of administrative main body.

行政补偿是以行政主体的合法行政行为为前提的一种广义的行政责任。

This dissertation summarized the supervisal to admininstrative action and the system of urban planning, analysed the actuality and shortage of supervisal to administrative action in administrant sysem of urban planning, and studied the overseas experience of supervisal to administrative action of urban planning. Based on these works, the dissertation brought four advices about how to consummate the mechanism of supervisal to administrative action of urban planning: The first is consummate the public participance system, protect the exertion of public rights about participateon advicee and superviseial, intensify the public supervisal and advance supervisal of urban planning. The second is consummate the democratic decision-making system, intensify the supervisal of the course of urban planning"s decision-making. The third is constitute the regulation of surveillant, intensify the administrative level"s supervisal of urban planning. The fourth is onstitute the regulation of went behind responsibility, intensify the ex post facto supervisal of urban planning.

本文通过对我国行政法制监督和城市规划体系进行概述，对城市规划行政法制监督机制建设的现状、不足进行分析，研究国外行政法制监督制度情况和可借鉴的经验做法，围绕完善城市规划的行政法制监督机制，提出从四个方面对规划监督法规体系加以完善：一是完善城市规划公示制度，保证公众对规划的参与权、建议权和监督权，做好规划管理的事前监督；二是完善城市规划决策机制，加强对规划决策过程中的监督；三是完善上级政府对下级政府规划规划管理的层级监督机制，通过派驻规划督察员加强规划管理事前、事中监督；四是建立城市规划违法违纪行政责任追究制度，通过严格的问责，加强事后监督。

The concept of suability is for the legalact.The suability of administrative act,which is one of the fundamental standards to distinguish the administrvtive act,means that the administrative act of administrative subject will be reviewed by courts at certain circumstances.This was ignored in the academic fields of our state in the past.

可诉性是指法律行为的可诉性，行政行为的可诉性是指行政主体作出的行政行为在一定条件下可诉诸法院司法审查的一种本质属性，这是判断行政行为的一个根本标准；过去，我国学界对行政行为特性的认识却忽视了这一点。

The concept of suability is for the legal act.The suability of administrative act,which is one of the fundamental standards to distinguish the administrvtive act,means that the administrative act of administrative subject will be reviewed by courts at certain circumstances.This was ignored in the academic fields of our state in the past.

可诉性是指法律行为的可诉性，行政行为的可诉性是指行政主体作出的行政行为在一定条件下可诉诸法院司法审查的一种本质属性，这是判断行政行为的一个根本标准；过去，我国学界对行政行为特性的认识却忽视了这一点。

The principle of reasonableness is to supervise the administrative discretion, and its meaning revolution is to better the supervision. In the second part, I will review the posture of "strict nomocracy"on the administrative discretion and point out that the common existence of administrative discretion is a fact, administrative discretion has a great effect on the individualized injustice and creative administration, the attitude that the administrative discretion is necessary a evil is metaphysical and is nocuous in the practice.

本文第二章将对严格法治主义对行政裁量权的态度做一检讨，指出，行政裁量权广泛存在是个不争的客观事实，行政裁量权对于实现个体正义和创造性行政具有重要意义，把行政裁量权视为必然的&恶&的观点是形而上学的，在实践中也是有害的。

Administrative arbitration is to point to the administrative controversy that jurisdictional executive authority is opposite in-house happening lawfully with the identity of a third party to make a kind of administration that final administration adjudicates on

见教材第42页相应的教师教学用书(见教参第97页)作了这样的解释：行政仲裁是指有管辖权的行政机关以第三者的身份依法对内部发生的行政争议做出最终行政裁决的一种行政

The administration supervision is a main type of inside administrative controls, it is a special department which set up in the administrative system and supervises the national administrative organ, national civil servant and other national personnel in carrying out the law and regulations, policy and determine, with supervision function, and investigates and prosecutes the activities breaking the law, activities against discipline.

行政监察是内部行政监督的一种主要类型，它是指依法设置在行政系统内部的专司监督职能的机关对国家行政机关、国家公务员和国家行政机关任命的其他人员执行国家法律、法规、政策和决定、命令的情况进行监督，并对违法、违纪行为予以查处的活动。

Using such key concepts as"aret〓","practice", and"practical reason", critically integrating related theories and thoughts from philosophy, ethics, sociology, psychology, pedagogics, politics, etc. this thesis systematically analyzed public administrator's discretion and professional autonomy, responsibilities, duties and professional virtues, and the theoretical basis and methodology for construction of public administrative ethics.

本文借用亚里士多德的德性论传统的一些基本概念，包括&德性&、&实践&、&实践理性&，批判性地综合运用哲学、伦理学、行政学、政治学、社会学、心理学、教育学等多学科的相关研究成果，对行政人的裁量权与专业自主性、行政人的责任与义务、行政人应当具备的专业美德、行政伦理建设的依据与方法等基本问题，进行了系统的讨论。

A comparative research on the ombudsmen institution may undertake in two aspects :One is the comparative research on norms, such as qualifications, organs, mechanisms, jurisdictions and power limits; Another is the comparative research on functions, namely, its special characteristics and indisplaceable status are demonstrated through the comparative study between the ombudsman institution and the parliament supervision, the judicial supervision and the internal supervision.

行政监察专员制度的比较研究可以从两个方面进行：一是进行规范比较，即对行政监察专员的任职资格、组织机构、运行机制、职责范围、权力界限等进行系统的、全面的比较分析；二是进行功能比较，矾究和阐述行政监察专员制度与议会监督机制、司法救济机制、行政机关内部救济机制的关系，从中总结出行政监察专员制度的独特品质及其无可替代的地位与功能。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。