行政机关

The debate mainly focused on three levels, which included what the nature and relegation of administrative adjudgment authority was in terms of legal principle; whether the system between adjudgment body and administration body were "single model" or "dual model"; how to deal with traditional supervisory institution.

争论主要涉及三个层面内容，即法理上行政审判权的性质与归属、体制上行政审判机关与行政机关之间是"一元制"还是"二元制"、传统都察院的去留。

Author of this article reckons the administrative affirmance of fact is both the liability of administrative organs and the presupposition of specific administrative acts administrative organs should make with but it is liability for courts to review the process of the administrative affirmance of fact and the fact of the administrative affirmance.

笔者认为，事实认定是行政机关的职责，也是行政机关作出具体行政行为的前提，而对行政机关认定事实的过程和认定的事实本身进行司法审查是法院的职责。

As there is the difference between the judicial review about the administrative affirmance of facts in administrative litigation and the review about the affirmance of facts in civil litigation and criminal litigation and there is the difference between the judicial review and the administrative affirmance of facts, on the premise of the necessary respect for the administrative affirmance of facts, courts should, based on whether the process of the administrative affirmance of facts and the putative facts is rational or not, adopt different judicial review standard to the different generic problem of administrative facts .

正由于法院在行政诉讼中对行政机关认定事实的司法审查，有别于刑事、民事诉讼的事实认定，行政诉讼中的事实审查也不同于行政机关的事实认定，因此，法院应当在尊重行政机关对事实问题所作出判断的基础上，以行政机关认定事实过程及其推定的事实是否合理为基点，针对个案具体情形的差异，采用不同的审查标准，对不同类的行政事实问题予以审查。

The main executive body refers to the organization and individual who exert executory authority and own the general qualifications of enforcing authority according to the administrative law, not only includes the organization that the administrative organs and laws have impowered, hot also involves the organization that the administrative organs and the executive with political power have delegated.

本文在分析现行行政主体概念的缺陷的基础上，给行政主体下了一个新的定义：行政主体是指具有行使国家行政权力一般性资格、在具体的行政法律关系中行使行政职权的组织和个人，不仅包括行政机关和法律法规授权的组织，而且应该包括行政公务人员和行政机关委托的组织。

In view of its final intention, it is a system in which the superior taxation organizations supervise the administrative illegitimacies and administrative inappropriate of junior taxation organizations; and also, it is a relieving policy offered by the national administrative office to taxpayers and privies about the right of petition and supervision according to the constitution.

从其最终目的上看，是上级税务机关对下级税务机关的行政违法和行政不当行为实施监督的法律制度，是纳税人和其他税务当事人根据宪法关于公民申诉权和监督权的有关规定而享有的、由国家行政机关提供的一种救济制度。

On the other hand, the other "admittable" category can be further divided into "the standard" and "the non-standard" independent executive agencies according to the appropriateness of establishment. The standard independent executive agency, also the most fit one as an independent executive agency, shall meet the following requirements: the regulation of human rights concerns the political participation of citizens; or the demand for political neutrality is much more stronger than other executive agencies; or the administrative business has less need of policy integration and cross-departments negotiation.

而「得设置」的类型当中，依「适合设置与否」，可以区分为标准型和非标准型独立行政机关，标准型独立行政机关（最适合设置独立行政机关）要符合「基本权的管制涉及人民政治参与」、「政治中立的需求比一般行政机关强烈」以及「该行政事务较没有政策统合、跨部会协调的必要」三个要件。

Traffic accident responsibility cognizance is a sort of administrative arbitration behavior and this behavior is a sort of concrete administrative behavior conducted by a administrative department, and embodies the administrative law relation; but essentially it arbitrates civil dissension, and embodies civil law relation, so it is administratively non-adior1able.

公安机关的交通事故责任认定是一种行政裁决行为，该行为形式上是行政机关作出的一种具体行政行为，体现为行政法律关系，但实质上是裁决民事纠纷，体现为民事法律关系，具有行政非诉性

Article twenty-second petition in accordance with the Regulations and people directly to the people's governments at all levels other than letters and job agencies proposed by the executive petition matters, the executive authorities should be registered; to comply with this Ordinance, the provisions of the first paragraph of Article XIV and to belong to the organs statutory terms of reference of the petitions should be admissible, shall not prevaricating, perfunctory, delay; do not belong to the organs of the terms of reference of the petition, should inform people to have the right to petition the authorities.

It{YiH_}d1第二十二条信访人按照本条例规定直接向各级人民政府信访工作机构以外的行政机关提出的信访事项，有关行政机关应当予以登记；对符合本条例第十四条第一款规定并属于本机关法定职权范围的信访事项，应当受理，不得推诿、敷衍、拖延；对不属于本机关职权范围的信访事项，应当告知信访人向有权的机关提出。

The administration supervision is a main type of inside administrative controls, it is a special department which set up in the administrative system and supervises the national administrative organ, national civil servant and other national personnel in carrying out the law and regulations, policy and determine, with supervision function, and investigates and prosecutes the activities breaking the law, activities against discipline.

行政监察是内部行政监督的一种主要类型，它是指依法设置在行政系统内部的专司监督职能的机关对国家行政机关、国家公务员和国家行政机关任命的其他人员执行国家法律、法规、政策和决定、命令的情况进行监督，并对违法、违纪行为予以查处的活动。

Moreover, in order to protect people's rights and to promote administrative efficiency, the inactivity of administrative agencies has been construed as the active permission or agreement by administrative agencies under the regulation of certain statutes. The issues involved with "constructive administrative act" so far are not well-discussed in Taiwan.

此外，为保障人民权利，促进行政效率，立法者在部分法律规定中将行政机关之不作为拟制成为行政机关积极之许可或同意，此类拟制行政处分所涉及之问题，例如是否以及如何适用行政程序法，在我国法制上之讨论仍然陌生。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了