行为主义

In the science of ethology, and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

在科学的动物行为学，以及在更广泛的研究中的社会进化，利他主义是指行为的个人，增加了健身的另一个人，同时减少了健身的演员。

The experiment of privates providing public goods includes subjects, initial endows, providing mechanism and payoff function, the reason that the practical voluntary contribution excels the dominant equilibrium is human behavior with homo-economics, including pure altruism, warm-glow effects. reciprocal, conformity effect and noise; Reducing the contribution cost may improve the level of voluntary contribution, incentive mechanisms include dynamic game, stake distribution, encouragement and punishment, symmetrical information, communicating each other and re-grouping.

公共产品私人提供实验一般包括实验受体、初始禀赋、供给机制和支付函数等，公共产品私人提供偏离占优策略均衡主要是因为人的行为对利己、理性的背离，包括利他主义、光热效应、互惠行为、遵奉效应以及噪音或决策失误等；而通过降低公共产品的私人贡献成本可以提高公共产品私人贡献水平，这种激励机制主要包括博弈动态化、合理分配赌注、建立奖惩机制、公开贡献信息、受体相互交流以及受体重新分组等。

Nor need it worry a physicalist, if he can reduce psychology, for then he could understand "from the bottom up" the acts (with their internal, intentional contents) which created the irreducible ontologies of the other sciences.

也无需为物理主义苦恼，如果物理主义者能还原心理，那么他就可以"从下到上"理解这些行为（伴随其内在的、意向内容），而这些行为创立了其他科学的不可还原的存有学。

The whole thesis is divided into nine chapters, its first six chapters focus on the analyses of terrorism, then the last three chapters turn to studying a new thinking of international cooperation against terrorism On the analyses of the part of terrorism with the first three chapters, I define terrorism as follows: Terrorism is a kind of action or thought in which it is the intentional use of, or threat to use ruleless violence or technical methods against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims. What differs from other scholars' definitions is that the definition proposed states that terrorism is not only a political violence, but also a social trend of thought.

在前六章的对"恐怖主义"的分析上，本文提出了有别于他人的恐怖主义定义："使用或主张使用无规则的暴力或技术手段，或是袭击平民和或是袭击公用设施，以图达到政治目的的一种行为与社会思潮"，认定恐怖主义不仅是一种政治暴力行为，更是一种社会思潮；还对自杀性恐怖主义、恐怖主义的类型和划分、恐怖主义的历史与发展历程、恐怖主义形成的机理及理论解释等论题进行了较系统的理论探索，分析了伊斯兰原教旨主义与恐怖主义的关系；而且，还根据论文作者本人在国外调研掌握到的大量翔实的第一手资料，揭示了境外"东突"恐怖分子是"国际恐怖主义的一部分"的本来面目，并分析和预测了它们未来的发展趋势，提出了中国反对东突恐怖势力的若干建议。

Therefore, it is sure to come down to all those moral conducts that are chosen by sefl-determination and have sociality, including practical activities of politics, and all self-conscious and self-determining subjects, including those subjects of political practice, namely,"officials".

马克思主义伦理学认为，道德作为调整人与人之间关系的一种特殊的行为规范的总和，必然要涉及到包括政治实践活动在内的一切由自主意志抉择的、并具有社会性的道德行为，以及包括政治实践主体即"官员"在内的、具有自我意识和自主意志的所有主体。

Act utilitarianism holds that we must study each action in all of its specific details to determine its utility.

行为效用主义认为，必须研究每个行为的每一个特定细节以决定它的效用大小。

Child ;; Conduct Disorder ;; Machiavellianism ;; Psychometrics ;; Personality Inventory ;; Behavior ;; Questionnaires ;; Students

儿童；；行为障碍；；马基雅维里主义；；心理测定学；；个性量表；；行为；；问卷；；学生

There are three connected claims about the interrelation of psychology and neuroscience that occur in discussions within the circle of psychology: cognitive neuroscience can never give a complete account of the psychology of a person because it is reductionistic; neuroscience can only show correlations between neural events and cognitive or behavioral events; such factors as culture, historical situation, are the most relevant in understanding human knowledge and behavior. The paper gives critical demenstrations for these claims.

在心理学讨论中出现的三个关于心理学与神经科学内部关系的观点是：认知神经科学是还原主义的，所以它不能完全解释一个人的心理；神经科学最多只能说明神经事件与认知或行为事件之间的相关；文化、历史条件等等是理解人类知识和行为的真正相关因素，神经科学对这些几乎没有解释，所以它并不能真正解释心理学。

Or that any action not in accordance with some tradition is mere romanticism; or that any undertaking which has not the support of proven experience is foredoomed to frustration; and that since experience has shown men to be invariably inclined to evil, there must be firm rules to restrain them, otherwise we shall have anarchy.

再不然就是这样：任何不符合某些传统的行为只是浪漫主义；或者没有任何为成功经验所证实的行为必然招致挫折，而且由于经验证明人类毫无例外地都倾向于作恶，因此一定要有严厉的法规来约束他们，否则的话，就会出现无政府主义。

By analyzing the composing and cause of juvenile behavioral warps from the angle of educational sociology, the measure is proposed that might be helpful to prevent that proposed with theory of functionalism .

通过对青少年行为偏差的构成及原因的教育社会学视角的分析，根据教育社会学的功能主义理论，提出了更深层次更具现实意义的预防青少年行为偏差的对策与措施，以期对实践有所裨益。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。