行为主义

It also illustrates connections between the two schools, misconception of behaviorism, and the process of human learning.

第五章分别从哲学和理论角度阐述了行为主义和认知主义的相似点，从对行为主义的一些错误观点和人类学习过程的阐述和分析，旨在说明二者的结合是可能的。

Parallel to these developments in psychology, a philosophical behaviorism (sometimes called logical behaviorism) was developed.

和这些心理学的发展并行的，一个哲学上的行为主义（有时被叫做逻辑行为主义）发展了起来。

The methods based on dualism are: the argument of analogy, hypothesis-deduce, cloud chamber imprint analogy, etc; while the methods based on monism are: logical behaviorism,being of Strawson, methological behaviorism, physicalism, etc. Since the 20 century, concerning the other minds problem, certain important achievements and empirical material were offered along with the great development made by modern scientific technology (esp. the Neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience,and the measuring and testing techniques of brain), the knowledge combination and intersecting cooperation research done by philosophers and biological scientists.

对于他心问题的解决方案，建立在二元论基础上的方法有：类比法，假说—演绎证明与"云室"痕迹类比等；建立在一元论基础上的方法有：分析行为主义，斯特劳森的人论，心理学行为主义，物理主义等。20世纪以来，随着现当代科学技术（尤其是神经生物学、认知神经科学和大脑测试技术等）的深入发展，哲学家与生命科学家的知识联姻和交叉合作研究，提供了关于他心问题的若干重要成果和实证资料。

Depth psychology and behaviorism have disclosed some rationale of human beings' behavior, but there is no reasonable interpretation of symbolized consumption.

心理学中的精神分析学派与行为主义学派虽然一定程度上揭示了人的行为发生的基本原因，但在解释符号化消费行为方面则存在比较明显的缺陷，本章以人本主义心理学为基本理论对导致符号化消费行为发生的需求和动机进行了分析，提出符号化消费行为是消费者借助商品来满足自我实现需要的一种有效手段。

Based on a lot of empirical analysis, the author summerizes that the historical premises of mergers in the United States include of the development of modern-enterprise、the technical innovation、the expansile demand and the development of capital market, surveys the developments and characters of mergers in the United States. From Marx's capital concentration theory to the arguments between structure school and conduct school, from the theories of economists at the present age abroad to the achievements of the learned men in China. the author surveys the theorical developments of merger. Making a clear definition of the concept and premises of self-organizational merger on the hypothesis that enterprise is a kind of self-organization, futhermore, the author constructs the theoretical frame of self-organizational merger.

主要内容有：在对大量实证材料分析的基础上，归纳出美国企业兼并的历史前提是现代企业形成与发展、技术上的创新、市场需求的扩大和资本市场的发展，阐释了美国企业兼并的历程与特点；从马克思的资本集中理论，到结构主义与行为主义的争论与分歧，从当代经济学家们的若干理论，到中国学者对企业兼并的认识，跟踪考察了企业兼并理论的起源与发展；从企业是自组织系统的假设出发，界定了企业自组织兼并的内涵，提出了企业自组织兼并存在的条件体系，构建了市场结构、企业自组织兼并行为、产业绩效、政府调控的企业自组织兼并理论的SCPG分析框架，分析了企业自组织兼并理论的贡献。

Its root is philosophy, that is, philosophy is the sources of cognitive science. Theoretically,cognitive science comes through from metaphysics to psychological experiment, from introspectionism to behaviorism, from cognitivism to connectionism and computational-representationism. Methodologically,cognitive science takes on from introspective examination to behavior analysis, from mental reduction to functional construction, from symbolic operation to arti...

认知科学根源于哲学，同时又包含着许多哲学问题；在理论上，认知科学经历了从形而上学思辨到心理实验，从内省主义到行为主义，从认知主义到联结主义、计算表征主义综合的范式更替；在方法上，表现出从内省审查到行为分析、从心理还原到功能建构、从符号运算到人工神经网络的转变。

They are natural sciences, scientific philosophy and psychology itself. At first his view is called social behaviorism, and then paradigmatic behaviorism, and now psychological behaviorism.

斯塔茨整合思想的形成有其自然科学背景、科学哲学背景和心理学背景，其整合观的演变历程为，从社会行为主义发展到范式行为主义，再到心理行为主义。

The New Institutionalisms is developed on the base of animadverting on behaviorism. The New Institutionalism argues against regarding individual behavior as the focus of politics reseach, attaches importance to the role of institution at political affairs.

新制度主义是在批判行为主义的基础上发展起来的，它们反对把个体行为作为政治学研究的中心，重视制度在政治生活中的作用。

The New Institutionalism s is developed on the base of animadverting on behaviorism. The New Institutionalism argues against regarding individual behavior as the focus of politics reseach, attaches importance to the role of institution at political affairs.

新制度主义是在批判行为主义的基础上发展起来的，它们反对把个体行为作为政治学研究的中心，重视制度在政治生活中的作用。

The Dchicago school established the basic position and principle of functional psychology in its debate with structural psychology,while the Colombia school puts its emphases on concrete things and has consequently made great achievements in specific studies and expanded research methods,laying a foundation for the future establishment of behavioral psychology.

正如黎黑所指出的，&意识的概念被重新更正，成了连续不断的运动反应、关系和机能，与行为主义没有什么区别&①。机能主义心理学的出现和发展不但开拓了心理学研究的视野，成为心灵主义心理学转向生物学的心理学的桥梁，并且为行为主义心理学的产生和发展奠定了基础。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。