血产生

New research on measures to estimate the pretest likelihood of bacteremia offers promise in reducing unnecessary blood culture utilization.

新的研究估计了可能产生菌血症的阈值，提供给我们一种减少不必要血培养的前景。

Vg could be detected in haemolmph of the water—fed female at 48h after eclosion, too.

用10％的蜂蜜和清水分别饲喂两组成虫(简称"蜜组"和"水组")，以研究成虫期的营养对Vg发生和卵巢发育的影响，结果显示，成虫期营养对于Vg的启动合成并不起关键的决定性作用，两组成虫均可以在羽化的48小时检测到Vg，且水组中的血淋巴水平并不低于蜜组对照，但绝大多数水组个体的卵巢发育停留在卵黄沉积的某一时期，此时在血淋巴中也检测不到，只有约20％的饲水个体卵巢可以发育成熟，出少量卵；用高剂量的ZR515于羽化当日点滴处理饲水个体，可以使所有接受处理的饲水个体的卵巢发育成熟，但是产卵〓依旧低于对照组的，不能恢复正常；这说明成虫期营养对卵巢中全体卵母细胞的成熟是必需的，其作用的产生是通过内分泌系统途径实现的。

In the first section, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the level of lysozyme secreted by macrophages was first tested by bacteriolytic method; then the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the level of tartaric acid resistant acid phosphatase produced in macrophages was investigated by analyzing the phenol generated in the reaction that was catalyzed by the enzyme; the third, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the phagocytic activity of macrophages was observed by microscopy; the forth, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the production of complement C4 from macrophages was tested by hemolytic method; the fifth, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the expression of C3b receptors on the surface of macrophages was analyzed by observing the formation percentage of zymosan wreath; the sixth, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the respiratory burst in macrophages was tested by flow cytometry; the seventh, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the production of IL-1α and IL-1β from macrophages was tested by ELISA method.

在这一章中，首先，采用溶菌法考察合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞分泌溶菌酶水平的影响；其次，采用游离酚法研究合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞产生的耐酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平的影响；第三，采用显微镜观察法考察合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响；第四，采用溶血法测定合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞产生的补体C4水平的影响；第五，采用酵母花环法检测合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞表面C3b受体水平的影响；第六，采用流式细胞术法观察合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞呼吸爆发的影响；第七，采用ELISA法探讨合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞产生IL-1α及IL-1β水平的影响。

The hemolysin consists three components,B,L1,and L2(35.36.and 45kDa,respeotively),combinations of all three moieties produed the unique ring-shaped zone of hemolysis,increased rabbit vascuolar permeability,caused fluid accumulation in rabbit ileum loop and appeared cellulotoxic reaction on Vero cells.

溶血素由B、L1和L2 3种成份组成，分子量分别为35、36和45kDa 3种成份的协同作用在血琼脂上引起靶状溶血，使兔皮肤血管通透性增加，兔小肠肠段结扎产生积液反应，Vero细胞形态学改变。

Multiple factors participated in the process of secondary brain edema and nerve injuries,such as the hydrostatic pressure during formation of the hematoma and clot retraction, activation of blood coagulation cascade, generation of thrombin,erythrocytolysis and the toxicity of hemoglobin, the activation of the complement system, space-occupying effects, rupture of the blood-brain barrier,secondary ischemia around the hematoma, inflammatory reaction of the neurons around hematoma and cell apoptosis.

脑出血后继发水肿及神经损害有多种因素参与，血肿形成过程中的流体静力压和血凝块的回缩、凝血瀑布的激活、凝血酶的产生、红细胞溶解和血红蛋白的毒性、补体的激活、占位效应、血脑屏障的破坏、血肿周围继发缺血、血肿周围组织神经细胞炎症反应及细胞凋亡等。

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

The pathogen of gas gangrene mainly exist and live in local place, and seldom enter blood system to cause blood poisoning, but than can form lots of toxins, this toxins can harm blood system, kidney system, and also the tissue can putrescence and the wound will enlarge step by step, all tissue putrescence and toxin can make these bacteria easier to live and reproduce, all these situation if not being control in time will lead a serious situation that multiple organs dysfunction and then died

气性坏疽的病原菌主要在伤口内生长繁殖很少侵入血液循环引起败血症。产气夹膜杆菌产生α毒素、胶原酶透明质酸酶、溶纤维酶和脱氧核糖核酸酶等，红细胞破坏引起溶血血红蛋白尿、尿少、肾组织坏死水肿、液化，肌肉大片坏死使病变迅速扩散、恶化。糖类分解产生大量气体使组织膨胀；蛋白质的分解和明胶的液化，产生硫化氢，使伤口发生恶臭由于局部缺血，血浆渗出，及各种毒素的作用伤口内的组织和肌肉，进一步坏死和腐化，更利于细菌的繁殖使病变更为恶化。

Results Mean 1528 ml blood was collected from each patient during operation and got 743 ml concentrated blood cells after processed by ZITI—2000 Autologous Blood Recovery System in 30 cases.

结果 30例患者平均每例回收原血1528ml，经血液回收机处理后获得浓缩血743ml，均回输给患者，所有患者术后恢复顺利，未发现输自体血而产生的并发症。

The authors reviewed a training sample of 26 occurrences of DKA complicated by severe CE and 69 episodes of uncomplicated DKA, along with head computed tomograms, and they incorporated signs of neurologic disease into a bedside evaluation protocol. They then applied this protocol to an independent test sample of 17 patients previously reported to have developed symptomatic CE during treatment for DKA.

研究人员回顾了26个发生糖尿病酮酸血症并发严重脑水肿的训练样本，与69个单纯糖尿病酮酸血症的个案，合并头部电脑断层扫描、神经疾病的病徵融入一个临床评估方案中；接著他们将这个方案应用到一个有17位之前在治疗糖尿病酮酸血症期间，产生脑水肿症状病患的独立试验样本中。

The authors reviewed a training sample of 26 occurrences of DKA complicated by severe CE and 69 episodes of uncomplicated DKA, along with head computed tomograms, and they incorporated signs of neurologic disease into a bedside evaluation protocol. They then applied this protocol to an independent test sample of 17 patients previously reported to have developed symptomatic CE during treatment for DKA.

研究人员回顾了26个发生糖尿病酮酸血症并发严重脑水肿的训练样本，与69个单纯糖尿病酮酸血症的个案，合并头部计算机断层扫描、神经疾病的病征融入一个临床评估方案中；接著他们将这个方案应用到一个有17位之前在治疗糖尿病酮酸血症期间，产生脑水肿症状病患的独立试验样本中。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。