蒸发

Water inside vacuum heat- collection tubes; since the hot medium inside vacuum tubes floats up and cold one goes down due to respective specific gravity, hot and cold mediums convections up and down to cause the heat conduction, furthermore transfer the heat to the related working medium in the heat tubes, the working medium sorbs the potential heat and becomes steam to rise up to the condensing section from the tube heat evaporating section; it emits the heat in condensing section to change again into liquid working medium; it flows back to evaporating section under the gravity action, the emitted heat is transferred into the water inside water tank or tube group by means of the heat-conduction through heat tubes condensing section; it makes the cold water in water tank into hot water in the repeated way.

阳光透过全玻璃真空集热管的外玻璃，照射到涂覆在内玻璃管外表面的选择性吸收涂层上，涂层将太阳的辐射能吸收并转化为热能，通过内玻璃管壁导热，传递给真空集热管内其液态传热介质，由于真空集热管内热的介质因比重小而上浮，冷的介质因比重大而下沉，冷热介质上下对流传热和导热，再通过热管的金属壁导热，将热量传递给热管内其相变工质，工质吸收汽化潜热而变成蒸汽，由热管蒸发段上升到冷凝段，在冷凝段放热冷凝，又变成液态工质，在重力作用下流回蒸发段，所放出的热量通过热管冷凝段金属管壁导热，传递给水箱或联集管内的冷水，周而复始，于是便将水箱内的冷水全部加热成热水。

The water flux increased and retention decreased with the increase of the additive content, the decrease of pre-evaporate time, the decrease of evaporate pre-temperature in blend system. One can control the performance and structure of the membrane by changing composition of coagulation bath and temperature.

随预蒸发时间的增加，膜的水通量降低，截留率上升；随预蒸发温度的升高，水通量下降，截留率上升；通过改变凝固浴组成和温度，可以调节膜的结构性能。

The mathematical model of complex countercurrent multi-effect evaporation with condensed water flash is established, which aims at minimum annual cost (including cost of fresh vapor, vacuum pump power, evaporator, maintenance and depreciation).Based on such decisive variables as the pressure of fresh vapor, the pressure of condenser and heat-transfer mean temperature difference of vari-effect,the model is solved by the complex method,Lagrangian multiplier method, iteration method and matrix method.The practical example indicates that the influence of the pressure of fresh vapor, the pressure of condenser and flash of condensed water on the optimum design results is notable.

建立了带有冷凝水闪蒸的复杂逆流多效蒸发系统优化设计的数学模型，该模型以整个蒸发系统的年总费用(包括加热蒸汽年费用、真空泵年动力费用以及蒸发器和辅助设备的年折旧维修费用等)最小为优化目标，以生蒸汽压力、冷凝器真空度及各效有效传热温度差为决策变量，提出一种新算法———复合形法结合Lagrangian乘子法、迭代法和矩阵法求解模型。

The model aims at minimum annual cost (including operating cost and equipment depreciation cost) of whole evaporation system (including two sequential system——multi-evaporation system and multi-level preheating system). The tempreture of flesh vapor, the tempreture of condenser, effective heat-transfer temperature difference of vari-effect, and outlet solution temperature of vari-level preheater were both decision variables.

优化设计数学模型以整个蒸发系统(包括多效蒸发和多级预热两个序贯系统)的年总费用(包括系统年操作费用和设备年折旧费用)最小为优化目标，以生蒸汽温度T0、冷凝器中二次蒸汽温度Tk、各效蒸发器有效传热温度差Δti及各级预热器溶液出口温度tpj为决策变量。

Ton large anhydride reaction device and 25m3 anhydrous glucose crystallizer have been listed in national key product program respectively in 2000 and 2003, and forced circulation vacuum evaporating crystallizer has been listed in the 2003 Innovation Fund Program by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

本项目中的2万吨大型反应装置、连续结晶器及强制循环真空蒸发结晶器均通过了国家鉴定和科技部组织的专家评审，2万吨大型苯酐反应装置、25m3无水葡萄糖结晶器被列入2000年、2003年国家重点新产品计划，强制循环真空蒸发结晶器装置被科技部列入2003年创新基金计划。

In this unit,a large fraction of latent heat of the condensate and the sensible heat of brine is successfully recycled for preheating the feedstock and for its evaporation process.

由于在系统的蒸发及冷凝过程中，大部分水蒸汽的凝结潜热被重复利用于海水的预热及蒸发过程，因而系统具有较高的产水率。

It is considered that the four-evaporator three-effect process is the most practical for the evaporation of diaphragm caustic soda.

对三效顺流、四体三效及三效四体3种生产质量分数42%等高浓度烧碱的蒸发工艺的优劣性进行了对比分析，认为四体三效工艺在隔膜法烧碱蒸发中具有较强的实用性。

The invention relates to a flow on-line scale removal device of surface evaporative air cooler, especially an on-line scale removal device, belonging to the assistant device of surface evaporative air cooler.

表面蒸发式空冷器水流在线除垢装置，属于表面蒸发式空冷器的辅助装置，特别涉及一种在线除垢装置。

Anticorrosive process of surface evaporation air cooler using LLSTD-1 as coating media,which solves two major difficult problems in large scale bundle anticorrosive techniques:performance requirements on coating materials (heat conduction,high temperature resistance,oil-proof and scale inhibition)and the coating method on surface evaporation air cooler bundles.

以LLSID-1涂料为涂层介质对大型表面蒸发空冷器管束进行防腐处理，解决了大型管束防腐的两大难题，一是对涂层材料的性能要求(耐腐、耐温、耐油、阻垢、传热效果好)；二是解决了大型管束防腐工艺(用什么方法将涂料涂装在表面蒸发空冷器管束上)。

In winter, snow accumulates and melts fast in spring. Snowmelt flood and a summer flood display a double peak pattern of discharge route. In order to simulate the precipitation-runoff features in semi-arid regions, an Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction model with detailed energy and water transfer processes between atmosphere, vegetation and soil was used.

由于这些特点，在地表水量平衡的计算和模拟中，蒸发的估算十分重要，为此在植被-大气相互作用模式中对水文过程作了改进，模式中包含了大气-植被-土壤间的能量和水分传输过程，特别是半干旱区地表蒸发和植被的蒸腾过程作了比较细致的处理，考虑了蓄满和超渗两种产流机制，同时采用了一个简化的雪盖模型。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。