蒙古

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The sovereign of the Russian deserts commands a larger portion of the globe. In the seventh summer after his passage of the Hellespont, Alexander erected the Macedonian trophies on the banks of the Hyphasis. Within less than a century, the irresistible Zingis, and the Mogul princes of his race, spread their cruel devastations and transient empire from the Sea of China, to the confines of Egypt and Germany.

俄罗斯的荒漠帝国曾经统治了地球上更大的地区；亚历山大通过达达尼尔海峡后的第七个夏天，他在 Hyphasis 竖立起了马其顿的纪念碑；不到一个世纪的时间里，不可阻挡的成吉思汗还有他们种族的蒙古王子们，把血腥残酷的破坏和转瞬即逝的帝国散播到了东起中国海、西至埃及德国的广袤土地之上。

According to the researchers, Mongolia, family's only jins of gold: the ancestors: come in, henchard "eat horse milk", Temujin tracing lock's home "horse milk from Abraham to the sign" night, and escaped.

据《蒙古秘史》载：孛尔只斤黄金家族祖先孛端察尔"日里来行吃马奶子"；铁木真寻迹锁尔罕家"打马奶子自夜到明"的记号，逃脱了追踪。

A Mongolian herder and his child walk into their Ger, a traditional nomadic home, in the frozen landscape.

阿蒙古牧民和他们的赫尔到，传统的游牧家庭，他的孩子走在冰冻的景观。

Under the leadership of Communist Party of China,all nationalities in Inner Mongolia united closely,fought heroically and won the victory.

一、共产党组织在内蒙古的建立中国共产党领导内蒙古的民族解放斗争，首先

Before further considering the taxonomic arrangement presented by Yesou (2002) it is necessary to describe in some detail the typical appearance and distribution of the main forms of the Herring Gull Assemblage found in South Korea, namely those which are generally being called Vega, Taimyr and Mongolian Gull(from hereon termed the Assemblage).

在进一步讨论yesou在分类学上的重排之前，非常有必要表述下银鸥复合体这些主要类型的典型特征和分布。我们还是称之为织女，灰林，和蒙古银鸥。

In Asia HH could travel only to Japan, Mongolia and India.

在亚洲，达赖喇嘛只可以前往日本，蒙古和印度。

Approximately 500 plus Himalayan art style paintings from Tibet, Mongolia and China and over 500 sculpture.

大约500加喜马拉雅艺术风格的绘画作品西藏，蒙古和中国与500多个雕塑。

This article has a brief review on Holocene climate changes in Mongolia.

简要地回顾了蒙古全新世气候变化研究。

In a word, the studies of Mongolian Holocene climate changes are relatively poor and should be enhanced.

迄今为止，蒙古全新世气候变化的研究仍较薄弱，有待进一步加强研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。