蒙古

Dan Luo Jin-possession "golden history of" Chronicle of Mongolia has a number of common characteristicsfor the annals of genre, gold family prominent orthodox view,regardless of the historical facts and legends,very biblical,etc.

罗藏丹津《黄金史》有蒙古编年史所具有的一些共同特点体裁为编(来源：34ABcdC论文网www.abclunwen.com年史、黄金家族正统观突出、史实与传说不分、浓厚的宗教色彩等以外，也有一些自己独特的特征：史源古老、复杂、口头传承特征与其他几部蒙古编年史的口头传承部分的内容不同，包含的《蒙古秘史》内容较多。

Specific primers was designed based on conserver sequence of the other animals,firstly,total DNA was extracted from blood of Mongolian sheep and the BMP15 DNA was amplified by PCR,The purified-PCR.product was cloned into PMD18-T vector.

根据其他物种BMP15基因的保守序列设计特异性引物，扩增蒙古羊的全长DNA序列。从蒙古羊的血液中提取总DNA，采用PCR技术扩增出蒙古羊BMP15DNA序列。

The year 1236, outstanding military exploits of Marshal Security Bank of Mongolia sign the cavalry broke Zhu Dangchang Seoul, residual text states, in turn attack the West and set into a state dominated, took Longnan, ceremony set up shop in Lixian Marshal House, led by 5 Mongolia Mongolia 1000, a strong command of a "southern state of Shu Mian Shihmen, West garrison state of the two bands of water," guard in the Longnan area.

公元1236年，战功卓著的蒙古征行元帅安竺尔的铁骑破宕昌，残文州，转而攻西和，定成州，所向披靡，攻占陇南，在礼县设置礼店元帅府，率领5个蒙古千户统领的一支蒙古劲旅"南戍勉州之石门，西戍阶州之两水"，镇守在陇南地区。

Therefore, lords of the Mongolian tribes formulated some quite famous local laws and regulations such as Khalkha Jirum, Wulanhaqirtu Law, Alsha Mongolian law and some articles in the book of Mongolian Files and documents in 17th century (1600-1650), Law text of Huhhot and Huhnuur Mongolian meeting law etc.

因此，蒙古各部一些大的封建主单独或者联合制定了一些地方性法规，其中比较有名的有《喀尔喀吉如姆》、《乌兰哈其尔图法规》、《阿拉善蒙古律例》、《十七世纪蒙古文文书档案(1600～1650)》中的法律条文、《有关呼和浩特法律文档》及《青海蒙古会盟法典》之类各盟旗会盟法典等。

Sain Mongolian coding used is based on the UNICODE of of coding, code conversion of Mongolian Mongolian converted standard encoding to be used in the process of being submitted for approval Mongolian national standard codes.

赛音蒙古文编码采用的是基于UNICODE的形码编码方案，蒙古文编码转换研究转换后的蒙古文标准编码拟采用正在报批过程中的蒙古文国家标准编码。

The author comes to some conclusions as follow: The Khanate of Kipchak kept the submissive relation to the house of the grand khan and supported the supreme khan of Mongol Empire in the inner politics and the policy to the outside, which gave certain supports to the early communication in the Mongol Yuan dynasty; The Khanate of Kipchak should account for the stop of the communication caused by the foundation of the Khanate of Ogotai which had been supported by the Khanate of Kipchak during the period of the reign from Berke to Mangu Timur; The short-time stop of the communication was also Mongolian central government"s tragedy. The relationships of the Khanate of Kipchak to Yuan dynasty began to become normal during the course of the reign of Tuda Mangu ,Tula-buqa and Toqatai khan, in which the Khanate of Kipchak gave certain devotions to "peace" of the Mongol Khanates. Their relations had been best after the separation of Mongol Empire during the time of ozbeg and Janibeg"s reign which was. the rush hour of our economic and cultural intercourses with the Khanate of Kipchak and other west countries. The development of the relationships to Egypt accelerated the intercourses between this two countries, which indirectly widened the ways of the Sino-Arab communication in the economy and cultures. The relations to Ire Khanate had been very bad for a long time. This stopped the convergence of the Steppe Silk Roads and the Oasis Silk Roads. In other side, this helped the intercourses between Ire Khanate and Christian Europe.

本文认为，蒙古帝国时期，无论在内政还是外交方面，钦察汗国都维护着蒙古大汗的权威，保持着与蒙古大汗廷的臣属关系，这为蒙元早期中西经济文化交流需要的条件做出了一定贡献；别儿哥至忙哥帖木儿统治时期，钦察汗国应对因窝阔台汗国的崛起而导致的中西交通的阻断负一定责任，但这同时也是蒙古中央政府的悲哀；脱脱蒙哥至脱脱统治时期，两国关系开始逐渐恢复，钦察汗国为蒙古诸汗国的&约和&贡献了自己的力量；月即别和札尼别统治时期是两国关系的最密切时期，也是双方经济文化交流和中西交通的高峰期；钦察汗国与埃及关系的发展，一定程度地拓宽了中阿经济文化交流的渠道；钦察汗国与伊利汗国关系恶化和长期的紧张，一方面阻碍了草原丝路与绿洲丝路的交汇，另一方面促进了伊利汗国与欧洲的经济文化交流。

The 121,967-ha Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape encompasses an extensive area of pastureland on both banks of the Orkhon River and includes numerous archaeological remains dating back to the 6th century. The site also includes Kharkhorum, the 13th- and 14th-century capital of Chingis Khan's vast Empire.

鄂尔浑峡谷文化景观（Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape）曾经是13至14世纪蒙古帝国的首都所在，见证了蒙古帝国几个有意义的历史阶段，也反映了原始蒙古的游牧文化和当时蒙古商业贸易、军事、政治、宗教的发展状况。

In Salsola passerina -Reaumuria soongorica community, the first ordination axes explains the salinization gradient, along the order of Caragana tibetica community,Salsola passerina-Oxytropis aciphylla community,and Reaumuria soongorica-Salsola passerine community,soil alkalization increases. The second ordination axis explains soil structure gradient, along the order of Caragana tibetica community, Reaumuria soongorica-Salsola passerina community and Salsola passerina community, soil texture becomes coarser. In the Stipa breviflora-Stipa grandis community, the first ordination axis indicates the soil water gradient, and the second ordination axes explains hydrothermal coupling gradient. In the Prunus mongolica-Ulmus glaucescens community, the first ordination axis explains the soil pH gradient, along the order of Ulmus glaucescens-Prunus mongolica community, Prunus mongolica-Potentilla fruticosa community, and Potentilla fruticosa-Prunus mongolica community, soil pH value reduces. The second ordination axis explains soil structure gradient, along the order Prunus mongolica-Ulmus glaucescens community, and Prunus mongolica-Potentilla fruticosa community, the contents of silt and clay increase, and soil texture suggests a fine trend.

在珍珠猪毛菜-红砂群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤盐碱化梯度，沿着藏锦鸡儿群落—珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落—珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落序列，土壤盐碱化程度不断增强；第二排序轴则反映了土壤结构梯度，沿着藏锦鸡儿群落—珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落—珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落序列，土壤质地逐渐粗化；在短花针茅-大针茅群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤水分梯度，第二排序轴反映了海拔梯度上的水热组合梯度；在蒙古扁桃-灰榆群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤pH梯度，沿着灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落—蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落—蒙古扁桃群落序列，土壤pH值逐渐下降；第二排序轴主要反映了土壤结构梯度，沿着蒙古扁桃群落—灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落—蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落序列，土壤中粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐增加，土壤质地呈细化趋势。

In Salsola passerina-Reaumuria soongoriea community, the first ordination axes explains the salinization gradient. along the order of Caragana tibetica community, Salsola passerina-Oxytropis aciphylla community, and Reaumuria soongorica-Salsola passerine community, soil alkalization increases. The second ordination axis explains soil structure gradient, along the order of Caragana tibetica community, Reaumuria soongorica-Salsola passerina community and Salsola passerina community, soil texture becomes coarser. In the Stipa breviflora-Stipa grandis community, the first ordination axis indicates the soil water gradient, and the second ordination axes explains hydrothermal coupling gradient. In the Prunus mongolica-Ulmus glaucescens community, the first ordination axis explains the soil pH gradient, along the order of Ulmus glaucescens-Pnuius mongolica community, Prunus mongolica-Potentilla fruticosa community, and Potentilla fnuicosa-Prunus mongolica community, soil pH value reduces. The second ordination axis explains soil structure gradient, along the order Prunus mongolica-Ulmus glaucescens community, and Prunus mongolica-Potentilla fruticosa community, the contents of silt and clay increase, and soil texture suggests a fine trend.

在珍珠猪毛菜－红砂群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤盐碱化梯度，沿着藏锦鸡儿群落－珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落－珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落序列，土壤盐碱化程度不断增强；第二排序轴则反映了土壤结构梯度，沿着藏锦鸡儿群落－珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落－珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落序列，土壤质地逐渐粗化；在短花针茅－大针茅群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤水分梯度，第二排序轴反映了海拔梯度上的水热组合梯度；在蒙古扁桃－灰榆群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤pH梯度，沿着灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落－蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落－蒙古扁桃群落序列，土壤pH值逐渐下降；第二排序轴主要反映了土壤结构梯度，沿着蒙古扁桃群落－灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落－蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落序列，土壤中粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐增加，土壤质地呈细化趋势。

Fire and human activities increased the domination of oak forests because of their biological features of oak trees. Cutting repeatedly was the main reason for the domination of Quercus mongolica forest in recent 100 years in north and east China. During the succession of ...

火是原生性质蒙古栎林在地质历史时期存在和扩散的根本原因，过度的人类活动是促成现在蒙古栎次生林占优势地位的主要原因，这是由蒙古栎这个树种的生物学特性决定的，在没有外界因素的干扰和火减少的情况下，蒙古栎在演替过程中逐渐被耐荫的树种所取代，但是在中国北方，由于人类活动的加剧，蒙古栎林的优势度有增加的趋势。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。