葡萄糖

Nine new compounds were characterized, and they were: opuntioside Ⅰ(11), 4-ethoxyl-6-hydroxymethyl-α-pyrone (14),--ester (22), 1-butoxyl--malate (24), ethyl α-L-rhamnopyranoside (26), opuntioside Ⅱ(34), kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (46), methyl α-D-glucopyranoside-6-(methyl 4-malate)-ester (47), and opuntioside Ⅲ(48). Opuntioside Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and 4-ethoxyl-6-hydroxymethyl-α-pyrone belong to the skelecton of α-pyrone.

新化合物分别是：仙人掌苷Ⅰ（11），4-乙氧基-6-羟甲基-α-吡喃酮（14），琥珀酸乙酯--酯（22），L--苹果酸-1-丁酯（24），乙基α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷（26），仙人掌苷Ⅱ（34），山奈酚7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基（1→4）-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（46），α-D-吡喃葡萄糖甲苷-6-（苹果酸-4-甲酯）-酯（47），仙人掌苷Ⅲ（48），其中仙人掌苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及4-乙氧基-6-羟甲基-α-吡喃酮均为α-吡喃酮骨架类型的新化合物。

Methods:Amperometry was employed to examine the electrochemical respondence of our developed glucose biosensor on additions of glucose.

用硅溶胶凝胶技术修饰电化学铂化处理的碳粉与葡萄糖氧化酶混合制成的碳糊电极，构成新型电流式葡萄糖传感器，并用电流分析法研究其对葡萄糖的响应。

The purified recombinant enzyme had optimal reaction conditions at pH 5.0 and 80 °C, was stable between pH 4.0 and pH 6.0. The enzyme had residual activity of 60% at 95 °C for 6 h at pH 5.0, thus has considerable potential in industrial applications. The specific activities of the enzyme to salicin, p-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside were: 57500 U/mg, 1632 U/mg, 109 U/mg, and 39 U/mg, respectively, the specificity of salicin was the highest, p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside followed, no activities to xylan and arabinofuranoside.

重组 Tm-SIGlA 的酶学性质研究表明：该酶最适作用温度和最适作用 pH 分别为80 ℃和 pH 5.0；在 pH 4.0-6.0 之间酶活性稳定，95 ℃保温 6 h 残留活性为 60%，具有非常高的热稳定性；在所测定的底物中，该酶对水杨苷、对硝基苯酚-β-D-葡萄糖苷(p-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside)、对硝基苯酚-β-D-木糖苷(p-Nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside)和对硝基苯酚-α-D-葡萄糖苷(p-Nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside)的比酶活分别为：57500 U/mg、1632 U/mg、109 U/mg 和39 U/mg，作用水杨苷的专一性最强，其次为对硝基苯酚-β-D-葡萄糖苷，没有检测到对木聚糖和阿拉伯糖苷的活性。

Study and Preparation of chromium-rich Yeast by Microorganism Fermentation Modern science demonstrates that chromium is the necessary trace element in human body. The active part of chromium is that of Glucose Tolerance Factor. GTF consists of glutamine, glycine, nicotinic acid and chromium. GTF helps insulin and acceptor to combine, increases transportation of glucose, improves fats to convert into CO2 and fatty acids.

现代科学证明铬是人体内的必要的微量元素，人体内铬的活性成份是葡萄糖耐量因子的组分，酵母中的葡萄糖耐量因子由谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、尼克酸和铬组成的，GTF有助于胰岛素与受体的结合，增加葡萄糖的运输，能促进脂肪组织糖酵解转换成CO2和脂肪酸。

As glucose levels run low during fasting , the pancreas sends out the hormone glucagon and instructs the liver to produce glucose . This increase in glucagon turns on the TORC 2 switch and allows the liver to make more glucose .

饥饿时葡萄糖水平降低，此时胰腺释放胰高血糖素促进肝脏合成葡萄糖，，胰高血糖素的增加打开" TORC 2控制器"使葡萄糖的产生增多。

To further study the chemical constitutes of lipophilic active parts, we prepared Alc95% and Alc50% according to original literature. 20 compounds were isolated by using macroporous resin, silica gel, polyamide, Sephadex LH-20, Rp-18, preparative TLC and preparative HPLC chromato-graphy. The structures of them were elucidated by means of physical and chemical properties, modern spectroscopic analysis techniques—UV、IR、 EI/MS、ESI/MS、〓H-NMR、〓C-NMR、DEPT、HMQC、HMBC. They are nine anthraquinones: chrysophanol (95-1), physcion (95-2), emodin (95-5), aloemodin (95-7), rhein (50-1), sennoside A or B (50-6),ω-hydroxylemodin (95-10), chrysophanol-8-0-β-D-glucoside (95-12), aloemodin-ω-0-β-D-glucoside (95-13); three phenanthaquinones: tanshinone ⅡA (95-3), cryptotanshinone (95-6), tanshinone Ⅰ(95-4); one isoflavone: 7, 3'-dihydroxyl-5' methoxyisoflavone (95-14) and protocaechuic aldehyde (95-9), protocaechuic acid (95-11), astragaloside Ⅳ(50-4), amygdalin (50-5), 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxylstilbene-2-0-β-D-glucoside (50-3),-catechin (50-2), cinnamic acid (95-8). Among them, 3'-dihydroxyl-5' methoxyisoflavone (95-14) is a new compound.

经过溶剂萃取、大孔吸附树脂富集、Sephadex LH-20精制、制备TLC及Semi-pre HPLC等手段从中分离了20个化合物，利用理化性质和波谱技术(UV、IR、EI／MS、ESI／MS、〓H-NMR、〓C-NMR、DEPT、HMQC、HMBC)相结合鉴定了它们的结构，分别为9种蒽醌类化合物：大黄酚，大黄素甲醚，大黄素，芦荟大黄素，大黄酸，番泻苷A或B，ω-羟基大黄素(ω-hydroxylemodin)，大黄酚-8-0-β-D-葡萄糖苷(chrysophanol-8-0-β-D-glucoside)，芦荟大黄素-ω-0-β-D-葡萄糖苷(aloemodin-ω-0-β-D-glucoside)；3种菲醌类化合物：丹参酮ⅡA(tanshinoneⅡA)，隐丹参酮，丹参酮Ⅰ(tanshinone Ⅰ)；1种异黄酮：7，3'-二羟基-5'-甲氧基异黄酮（7，3'-dihydroxy-5' methoxyisofla-vone）以及原儿茶醛，原儿茶酸，黄芪甲苷(astragaloside Ⅳ)，苦杏仁苷，2，3，5，4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-0-β-D-葡萄糖苷（2，3，5，4'-tetrahydroxylstilbene-2-O-β-D-g1ucoside），Z—儿茶素，桂皮酸。

The common building block of them was synthesized by firstly glycosylation of an appropriately protected glucose with diosgenin, then introduction of a rhamnosyl residue to the 2-OH at Glu, finally freeing the 4-OH at Glu by selectively benzoylation of 6-OH.

我们先将适当保护的葡萄糖接在薯蓣甙元上，然后选择性地保护葡萄糖的 3 位羟基，在 2 位上引入一个鼠李糖，接下来选择性地保护葡萄糖的 6 位羟基，得到了上面三个皂甙的共同合成子。

The common building block of them was synthesized by firstly glycosylationof an appropriately protected glucose with diosgenin, then introduction of a rhamnosyl residue to the 2-OH at Glu, finally freeing the 4-OH at Glu by selectively benzoylation of 6-OH.

我们先将适当保护的葡萄糖接在薯蓣甙元上，然后选择性地保护葡萄糖的3位羟基，在2位上引入一个鼠李糖，接下来选择性地保护葡萄糖的6位羟基，得到了上面三个皂甙的共同合成子。

Their chemical structures were characterizd on the basis of spectral and chemical evidences to be: Sarracenin (1), 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-7-O-ethyl caffeate chromome (2), Naringenin(3), 2-methyl-5, 7-dihydroxychromome (4), 2-methyl-6-hydroxyl-cinnamic acid methyl ester (5), eriodictyol (6), quercetin (7), Naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside( 8 ), eriodictyol-7-O-α-D-glucoside (9), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside(10). In addition, one compound was abtained from the n-butanol frationk, which was finally identified as Morrosiside(11) by spectral and chemical evidences.

以波谱数据及其理化性质鉴定为：Sarracenin(1)，2-甲基-5-羟基-7-O-咖啡酸乙酯色原酮(2)，柚皮素(3)，2-甲基-5，7-二羟基色原酮(4)，2-甲基-6-羟基苯丙烯酸甲酯(5)，圣草酚(6)，槲皮素(7)，柚皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside)(8)，圣草酚-7-O-α-D-葡萄糖苷(eriodictyol-7-O-α-D-glucoside)(9)，槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(quercetin--3-O-β-D-glucoside)(10)；另外从正丁醇萃取部位分离得到1个化合物，以波谱数据和文献对照鉴定为：Morroniside(11)。

Result: Eight compounds were isolated and they were identified as β-sitosterol (1), succinic acid (2), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (3), uracil (4), apigenin (5), chrysoeriol (6), chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (7), and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (8). Conclusion: Compound 4-8 were isolated from L.

结果：从藏药短管兔耳草醋酸乙酯提取物中分离得到8个化合物，经鉴定分别为β-谷甾醇（1），琥珀酸（2），木樨草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（3），尿嘧啶（4），芹菜素（5），柯伊利素（6），柯伊利素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（7）和芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（8）。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。