葡萄糖

We investigated constituent of triterpenoid saponins ofAlbizzia, two new compounds together with two known compounds were isolated from Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. by using column chromatography (macroreticular resin, silica gel, Sephadex gel, reverse phase silica gel),preparative HPLC methods et al.On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including IR,ESI-MS,~1H-NMR,~(13)C-NMR,HMBC,HMQC,~1H-~1HCOSY and chemical methods, the structure of two new compounds were identified as 3 - O -[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl (1→6)-β- D -2- deoxy - 2 - acetoamidoglucopyranosyl] -21-O-[(6S)-2- trans- 2,6-dimethyl - 6 - O-β- D - quinovopyranosyl -2,7- octadienoyl] - acacic acid- 28 - O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)[α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→4)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside acacic acid 3- O -β- D- glucopyranosy(1→3)-β- D- fucopyranosl(1→6) [β-D- xylopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside ;two known compounds were acacic acid lactone 3- O -β-D- xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fucopyranosl (1→6)- 2-deoxy -2 -acetoamido -β-D- glucopyranoside ; acacic acid lactone 3- O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L- arabinopyranosl (1→6)- 2- deoxy - 2- acetoamido -β-D-glucopyranoside . The study lays chemical foundation and chemical reference substance for enhancing quality standard of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz.

本研究论文在综述国内外对合欢属Albizzia三萜皂苷化学成分和药理作用研究进展的基础上，利用传统植化分离手段和现代分离技术，包括大孔树脂、硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶、反相硅胶等柱色谱，制备高效液相色谱法等技术从中药合欢皮中分离得到了4个化合物，其中，2个新化合物和2个己知化合物，并进一步通过现代分析技术IR，ESI-MS，~1H-NMR，~(13C-NMR，HMBC，HMQC，~1H-~1HCOSY等和化学方法鉴定了2个新化合物的结构分别是：3-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃夫糖基(1→6)-β-D-2-去氧-2-乙酰氨基吡喃葡萄糖基]-21-O-[(6S)-2-反式-2，6-二甲基-6-O-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖基-2，7-辛二烯酸基]-金合欢酸-28-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→3)]-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷，金合欢酸3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→3)-β-D-吡喃夫糖基(1→6)[β-D-吡喃木糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷；2个已知化合物结构分别是：金和欢酸内酯3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃夫糖基(1→6)-β-D-2-去氧-2-乙酰氨基吡喃葡萄糖苷，金和欢酸内酯3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基(1→6)-β-D-2-去氧-2-乙酰氨基吡喃葡萄糖苷。

Three major anthocyanins of blood orange were isolated. HPLC-ESIIMS analysis results show that the anthocyanins of blood orange are mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside (35.2%) and cyaniding-3-(6"-malonyl) glucoside (42.9%). Furthermore, cyanidin-3-(3"-malonyl) glucoside, cyanidin 3-(6-dioxalyl) glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside adduct: 4-vinylcatechol were identified in blood orange.

HPLC-ESI/MS分析表明，血橙花色苷主要是为矢车菊素-3（3"-丙二酰）葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3（6"-二乙二酰）葡萄糖苷（组分1），矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷（组分2），矢车菊素-3（6-丙二酰）葡萄糖苷（组分3）及矢车菊素－3-葡萄糖苷加成物4-乙烯基儿茶酚（组分4）。

Glucokinase, also called hexokinase Ⅳ, which catalyses glucose phosphorylation in hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells, is a key component of the glucose sensing machinery in mammals and plays a fundamental role in glucose homeostasis.

葡萄糖激酶(Glucokinase，GK)即Ⅳ型己糖激酶(Hexokinase，HK)，主要作用是催化肝细胞和胰岛β细胞内的葡萄糖磷酸化为6磷酸葡萄糖，该步反应是细胞内葡萄糖代谢的初始反应，也是限速步骤之一，因此葡萄糖激酶又称为细胞的葡萄糖感受机制，在维持血糖稳定方面起着关键的作用。

Sixteen compounds were separated from 80% ethanol extract of Plant A, they were:-lariciresinol,-isolariciresinol,-isolariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, tanegoside B, apiginin, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-β-neospheroside, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 4-dimethoxyxanthone, 3-O- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-4 ] -β-D-glucopyranoside-(25S)-5β-spirostan-3β-ol , 3β-O-D-glucopyranoside quinovic acid, mangiferin , 3'-p-hydroxybenzoyl-mangiferin, physcion, benzenyl methanol β-D-glucopyranoside and Vanillic acid.

结果： 1。从植物A的80％乙醇提取物中共分离得到16个化合物，分别为：-落叶松脂醇、-异落叶松脂醇、异落叶松脂醇9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、tanegoside B、芹菜素、芹菜素7-O-β-葡萄糖苷、芹菜素7-O-β-新橙皮糖苷、槲皮素3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、1，7-二羟基-3，4-二甲氧基-口山酮、菝葜皂苷元-3-O-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1-4）]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、喹诺酸3β-O-D-葡萄糖苷、知母宁、3′-对羟基苯甲酸-知母宁、大黄素甲醚、苯甲醇-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、香草酸。

On the basis of spectral analysis, these compounds were identified as Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside , Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, Quercetin , Quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside, Quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, gallic acid, methyl gallate-4-O-β-D- galactopyranoside, caffeicacid, methyl caffeate, 4-cafeoyl-(3"a, 4"a, 5"β)- trihydroxyquinic acid, 3"-cafeoyl-(3"a, 4"P, 5"P )-trihydroxyquinic acid methyl ester, 5"-cafeoyl-galactonic acid , pumiloside, loganic acid , 5R,6S,7E-megastima-3-on-7-en-9-ol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. 2a, 3β-dihydroxy-oleanoic acid , 2a, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-oleanoic acid, 3a, 6a-dihydroxy-oleanoic acid, 3β-hydroxy-ursoic acid, 2a, 3a, 23-trihydroxy-ursoic acid , 2a, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-ursoic acid, 2β, 3β, 19a -trihydroxy-ursoic acid, 2a , 3β, 19a -trihydroxy-ursoic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside , 2a. 3a, 19a-trihydroxy-ursoic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2a, 3a, 19a, 23-tetrahydroxy-ursoic acid, 1a, 3a, 19a, 23-tetrahydroxy-ursoic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside , 3a, 19a, 23-trihydroxy-ursoic acid.

从珙桐中分离鉴定得到了28种化合物，它们分别是：山奈酚，3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-山奈酚甙，3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-山奈酚甙，槲皮素，3-O-β-D-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-槲皮素甙，3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-槲皮素甙，没食子酸，4-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-没食子酸甲酯，咖啡酸，咖啡酸甲酯，4-咖啡酰基-(3&α，4&α，5&β)-三羟基鸡纳酸，4-咖啡酰基-(3&α，4&β，5&β)-三羟基鸡纳酸甲酯，5'-咖啡酰基-半乳糖酸，pumiloside，loganic acid，5R，6S，7E-megastima-3-on-7-en-9-ol9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，2α，3β-二羟基齐墩果酸，2α，3β，23-三羟基齐墩果酸，3α，6α-二羟基齐墩果酸，3β-羟基熊果酸，2α，3α，23-三羟基熊果酸，2α，3β，23-三羟基熊果酸，2β，3β，19α-三羟基熊果酸，2β，3β，19α-三羟基熊果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙，2α，3α，19α-三羟基熊果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基甙，2α，3α，19α，23-四羟基熊果酸，2α，3α，19α，23-四羟基熊果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基甙，3α，19α，23-三羟基熊果酸。

MethodsNormal human mesangial cells were divided into 4 groups: a control group(N, 5 mmol/L glucose), a high glucose group (H, 30 mmol/L glucose), a PKC inhibition group (P, 30 mmol/L glucose plus 10-5mol/L chelerythrine chloride), and an mannitol group (M, 5 mmol/L glucose plus 25 mmol/L mannitol).

将NHMC分4组： N组（对照组，5 mmol/L葡萄糖）；H组（高糖组，30 mmol/L葡萄糖）；P组（抑制剂组，30 mmol/L葡萄糖+10-5mol/L白屈菜红碱）；M组(甘露醇组，5 mmol/L葡萄糖+25 mmol/L甘露醇)。

RESULTS:Six flavonoids 6-C-glycopyranosyl-8-C-glycopyranosyl apigenin(1),6-C-arabinosyl-8-C-glycopyranosyl apigenin(2),6-C-glycopyranosyl-8-C-arabinosyl apigenin(3),6-C-glycopyranosyl-8-C-xyloeyl apigenin(4),6-C-glycopyranosyl luteolin(5),luteolin(6),one chromone isobiflorin(7),and one lignanoid-isolariciresinol(8),were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction of this plant,respectively.

结果：从毛鸡骨草地上部分的正丁醇部位分离并鉴定了8个化合物，黄酮类化合物：芹菜素-6-C-葡萄糖-8-C-葡萄糖苷（1），芹菜素-6-C-阿拉伯糖-8-C-葡萄糖苷（2），芹菜素-6-C-葡萄糖-8-C-阿拉伯糖苷（3），芹菜素-6-C-葡萄糖-8-C-木糖苷（4），木犀草素-6-C-葡萄糖苷（5），木犀草素（6）；色原酮类化合物：异双花母草素（7）；木脂素类化合物：-异落叶松树脂醇（8）。

Three major anthocyanins of blood orange were isolated. HPLC-ESIIMS analysis results show that the anthocyanins of blood orange are mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside (35.2%) and cyaniding-3-(6"-malonyl) glucoside (42.9%). Furthermore, cyanidin-3-(3"-malonyl) glucoside, cyanidin 3-(6-dioxalyl) glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside adduct: 4-vinylcatechol were identified in blood orange.

HPLC-ESI/MS分析表明，血橙花色苷主要是为矢车菊素-3（3&-丙二酰）葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3（6&-二乙二酰）葡萄糖苷（组分1），矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷（组分2），矢车菊素-3（6-丙二酰）葡萄糖苷（组分3）及矢车菊素－3-葡萄糖苷加成物4-乙烯基儿茶酚（组分4）。

Glucosinolates and myrosinase are present in the vacuoles and in the de finite protosome in intact cell and tissues respectively. but when tissues and c ells are damaged, myrosinase will release and hydrolyze glucosinolates to genera te degraded products, such as isothiocyanates and so on.

在完整的植物中，硫代葡萄糖苷存在于细胞的液泡中，葡萄糖硫苷酶存在于特定的蛋白体中，两者相互分离，但当组织和细胞受到损伤时，葡萄糖硫苷酶就会被释放出来，葡萄糖硫苷酶将硫代葡萄糖苷水解，产生异硫代氰酸盐等降解产物。

However, the effects of aerobic exercise are still unclear on the glucose regulation in subjects with spinal cord injury and glucose intolerance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8-week and 12-week aerobic exercise training on glucose metabolism, fitness and body composition in male spinal cord injury subjects with glucose intolerance. Methods: Three male subjects with spinal cord injury who demonstrated glucose intolerance were recruited.

然而目前所能回顾到针对患有葡萄糖失耐之脊髓损伤患者，进行有氧运动训练对於改善其葡萄糖代谢之效果仍不确定，因此本研究针对患有葡萄糖失耐之男性脊髓损伤患者，进行12周的有氧运动训练，观察其在训练8周时，是否已能看到葡萄糖代谢、心肺耐力及身体组成三方面的进步；若於8周时已看到进步，则训练增加至12周时，此三方面之参数是否有持续进步的趋势或仅能持平；另在结束运动训练后3个月，追踪其在葡萄糖代谢以及身体组成两方面的情况，看训练成效是否能维持。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。