萌发

Sclerotia are conditioned to germinate by the overwintering process. In the growing season, overwintered sclerotia can germinate in one of two methods. Probably the most common is carpogenic germination which results in the production of a small mushroom called an apothecium. rpogenic germination usually requires the sclerotia to be in wet soil for one to two weeks prior to germination.

在生长季节，越冬过的菌核能以两种中的其中一种方式萌发，最为常见的很可能是子实体萌发，其结果导致了形如小蘑菇的子蘘盘的产生，子实体萌发通常需要菌核在萌发前一两周处于潮湿的土壤中。

The spore germination and gametophyte development of 21 ferns are studied. It indicates that :① the development period of prothallium and young sporophyte of the same species is different due to seeding time of spores;② the optimal temperatures of spores germination and gametophyte development of 21 ferns are about 15 -24 ℃;③ the rate of spore germination of rare ferns is much lower than the ferns which occur large populations in nature;④ the treatment with GA 3 can accelerate the germination of the spores;⑤ the prothallium changes from large to small, green to yellow when young sporophyte comes out. The prothalliums of all 21 ferns die away after the appear of the 3rd leaf of sporophytes;⑥ shapes of the 1st and 2nd leaves of the young sporophyte are different from those emerged later;⑦ spores cultured in dark can not germinate;⑧ a prothallium can develop only one young sporophyte though it has many archegoniums, and the spore propagation with leaf mould substrate is an economical method.

摘 要：以腐叶土为培养基质，对 21 种蕨类植物进行了孢子萌发和原叶体发育的研究，结果表明：①不同时期播种的同种蕨类的孢子，发育出原叶体和幼孢子体所历经的时间长短不同；②孢子萌发和配子体生长发育的适宜温度约为 15 ～ 24 ℃；③稀有蕨类的孢子萌发率低，而在野外能形成较大种群的蕨类的孢子萌发率高；④用 GA 3 处理孢子可以促进萌发；⑤当原叶体上长出幼孢子体时，原叶体由大变小，由绿变黄， 21 种蕨类的原叶体都在幼孢子体上长出第 3 片叶时消失；⑥幼孢子体上长出的第 1 、 2 片叶在形态上与以后长出的叶不同；⑦孢子萌发需要光；⑧ 1 片原叶体尽管有多个颈卵器，但仅发育出 1 株幼孢子体；⑨利用腐叶土进行蕨类孢子繁殖是一种经济实用的繁殖方法。

The temperature for pathogen sporangium to germinate and to release moving spore is 5～35oC,the optimum temperature is 10～20oC.Under suitable temperature, the sporangium germinate and release moving spore within 2 hours, water film is the essential for sporangi...

霜霉病菌孢子囊萌发释放游动孢子的温度范围为5～35℃，最适为10～20℃，在适宜的温度范围内2小时孢子囊就可释放游动孢子；孢子囊必须在水膜中才能萌发；在供试的碳源中，孢子囊在乳糖液中萌发最好；在供试的氮源中，孢子囊在硝酸铵液中萌发最好；孢子囊萌发的pH值范围为4.5～9.0，最适为8.5。

The relationships between germination of the teliospores of Tilletia conroversa Kühn and soil moisture were studied and it was found that the teliospores of TCK could germinate when the soil mass moisture content reached between 1%-28%(relative moisture capacity 3.75%-100%). The suitable moisture for teliospore germination was between 10%-25% of mass moisture capacity or 17.85%-89.3% of relative moisture capacity. The optimal soil relative moisture capacity was between 65%-75%. There was no difference among most TCK isolates tested at the same suitable soil moisture.

通过土壤湿度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌( Tilletiacontronversa Kühn，TCK)萌发率的影响试验研究表明，其冬孢子在土壤质量含水量为1%～28%(相对含水量3.57%～100%)范围内均可萌发，其适宜萌发的土壤质量含水量范围为10%～25%(相对含水量17.85%～89.3%)，最佳土壤相对含水量范围在65%～75%之间；不同分离物在相同土壤湿度培养下，多数分离物冬孢子的萌发率之间差异不显著。

The suboptimal thermoperiod was 15℃/25℃. 2. The fresh H. ammodendron seeds had highly germination ability, and have no dormant phenomenon; The fruiting wings had significant inhibition the germination of fresh mature seed in autumn, and fruiting wings made H. ammodendron seeds maintain dormancy, but with store time extend, the effect that fruiting wings inhibited seed germination gradually alleviate, fruiting wings didn't inhibition effect of seed germination until the next spring(in 4 month).

2梭梭新采收的去翅种子不存在休眠现象，而具有很高的萌发生活力；果翅对秋天新成熟种子的萌发有显著的抑制作用，使种子处于强迫休眠状态；果翅对种子萌发的抑制作用随着贮藏时间的推移逐渐降低，到翌年春天(4月)果翅解除对种子萌发的抑制作用。

Persicum seeds was 5℃/15℃. The suboptimal thermoperiod was 15℃/25℃. 2. The fresh H. ammodendron seeds had highly germination ability, and have no dormant phenomenon; The fruiting wings had significant inhibition the germination of fresh mature seed in autumn, and fruiting wings made H. ammodendron seeds maintain dormancy, but with store time extend, the effect that fruiting wings inhibited seed germination gradually alleviate, fruiting wings didn't inhibition effect of seed germination until the next spring(in 4 month).

2梭梭新采收的去翅种子不存在休眠现象，而具有很高的萌发生活力；果翅对秋天新成熟种子的萌发有显著的抑制作用，使种子处于强迫休眠状态；果翅对种子萌发的抑制作用随着贮藏时间的推移逐渐降低，到翌年春天(4月)果翅解除对种子萌发的抑制作用。

First of all,we tested the germination and water uptake rate of 47 species typical xerophil seeds grow up in north China from 20 families,38 genuses under sufficient water and different Grads water stress by high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol(PEG6000).The results show that Xerophil seeds from the same habitat exhibited similar patterns in response to water stress.Xerophil seeds from arid community were stronger in germination and imbibition than that from other two communities under serious water stress,whereas Xerophil seeds from humid community were sensitive to any degree of water stress.Namely,the seeds live in arid habitat possessed high germination and quickly water uptake in sufficient water or any degree of water stress,but the others grow up in humid habitat shown significant difference which germination and water uptake well under sufficient water but inhibited even if slight water stress.

首先，我们通过对20个科，38属，47种旱生植物种子在水分充足和不同梯度的干旱处理(聚乙二醇PEG6000)条件下的萌发率及吸水率实验发现，当水分胁迫强烈时，分布于干旱沙漠地区的植物种子其吸水率和萌发率都高于半干旱和湿润地区的植物群落，相反，湿润地区植物种子的吸水率和萌发率对任何的水分胁迫都表现出敏感的响应趋势，也就是说，生境恶劣的植物种子在较强的干旱胁迫下，仍然保持了较高较快的萌发率及吸水率，水分充足与水分缺乏时无显著差异，而生境相对较好的植物种子在水分充足情况下萌发与吸水良好，但在干旱胁迫时则受到明显抑制，水分充足与水分缺乏时差异显著。

The results showed that N6+TDZ0.05 mgL^(-1)+NAA0.01 mgL^(-1)+KT0.50 mgL^(-1) was most suitable for Platanthera mandarinorum with an induction rate of 92.5%; N6+TTDZ0.05 mgL^(-1)+KT0.50 mgL^(-1) was most suitable for Coeloglossum viride with an induction rate of 98%; N6+IAA0.01 mgL^(-1) was most suitable for Platanthera mandarinorum with a germination rate of 96%; N6+IAA0.01 mgL^(-1)+GA30.01 mgL^(-1) was most suitable for Coeloglossum viride with a germination rate of 94.5%.

结果表明，最适合长白舌唇兰原球茎和类原球茎诱导的培养基为N6+TDZ0.05mgL^(-1)+NAA0.01 mgL^(-1)+KT0.50 mgL^(-1)，诱导率为92.5%；最适合凹舌兰原球茎和类原球茎诱导的培养基为N6+TDZ0.05 mgL^(-1)+KT0.50 mgL^(-1)，诱导率为98%；长白舌唇兰类原球茎萌发为完整植株的最佳培养基为N6+IAA0.01 mgL^(-1)，萌发率为96%；凹舌兰类原球茎萌发为完整植株的最佳培养基为N6+IAA0.01 mgL^(-1)+GA30.01 mgL^(-1)，萌发率为94.5%。

Bipolaris sorokiniana may affect turf grass to cause leaf spot, bud rot, seedling blight, root rot, sheath rot. The temperature range of colony growth is 10～40℃, the optimum 25℃. Conidia can germinate in the temperature range of 20～35℃, and germinate best at 28℃; Conidia germinate well on slide water surface, contrary to other different methods, and they can germinate well under given air condition, but germination is not strict with nutrition. The inhibiting test of 8 kinds of fungicide showed Sporgon 50WP was most effective, and the inhibiting effect of the others was well to the conidia germination.

Bipolaris sorokiniana能浸染草坪禾草叶片形成梭形病斑，并可导致芽腐、苗枯、根腐、茎基腐、鞘腐等症状；病原菌在10～40℃下能够生长，最适生长温度为25℃；病原菌分生孢子在不同萌发条件中以水平萌发较好；分生孢子萌发需要空气条件，但对营养要求不严格；在20～35℃下分生孢子均可萌发，以28℃下萌发最好；八种不同药剂对病原菌的抑制效果表明，50%施保功可湿性粉剂1500倍液效果较好，其抑菌圈直径和抑制分生孢子萌发率分别为46.2mm和81.3%，其他几种药剂对孢子萌发也有较好的抑制作用。

The results showed that BS-LX04 had strong antagonistic activity on the mycelia growth and conidia germination. The hyphae were suppressed by BS-LX04 and presented malformation. The conidia germination was inhibited, with an inhibition percentage of 73.22% when examined at 24 h after test. The germination was delayed by BS-LX04 and the germ tube and hyphae also presented malformation though some of the spores germinated and formed hypha.

结果表明BS-LX04对桑炭疸病病原菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发具有较强的拮抗作用：能够使菌丝生长受阻且產生畸形；能够抑制分生孢子的萌发，培养24h检查孢子萌发抑制率为73.22%；能够推迟分生孢子的萌发时间，並导致萌发孢子的芽管和菌丝畸形而不能继续生长。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。