菊科

The results were as follows:(1) Seeds of 80 species or subspecies could be classified into two groups. Group Ⅰ included the seeds of Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Polygonaceae and Amaranthaceae, and Group Ⅱ included the seeds of Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Brassicaceae and Umbelliferae.(2) Only FTIRs of the seeds of Brassicaceae were clustered together in the dendrogram,while those of the other families all appeared farraginous.(3) Among FTIRs of the 11 groups of the congeneric species,8 groups were clustered with other genus species, and 6 out of 7 groups of conspecific seeds appeared farraginous in the dendrogram.

结果表明：(1)80种草本植物的种子可以分成两类，第1类由禾本科、莎草科、蓼科和苋科植物的种子组成；第2类由菊科、大戟科、十字花科和伞形科植物的种子组成；(2)聚类图上，只有十字花科植物的种子能较好地与其他科的相区别；(3)在11组同属不同种植物中，有8组植物与亲缘关系不同的其他属的植物混在一起；在7组同种不同亚种或品种植物中，仅有1组植物被聚合在一起。

Group I included the seeds of Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Polygonaceae and Amaranthaceae, and Group II included the seeds of Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Brassicaceae and Umbelliferae.(2) Only FTIRs of the seeds of Brassicaceae were clustered together in the dendrogram, while those of the other families all appeared farraginous.(3) Among FTIRs of the 11 groups of the congeneric species, 8 groups were clustered with other genus species, and 6 out of 7 groups of conspecific seeds appeared farraginous in the dendrogram.

结果表明：（1）80种草本植物的种子可以分成两类，第1类由禾本科、莎草科、蓼科和苋科植物的种子组成；第2类由菊科、大戟科、十字花科和伞形科植物的种子组成；（2）聚类图上，只有十字花科植物的种子能较好地与其他科的相区别；（3）在11组同属不同种植物中，有8组植物与亲缘关系不同的其他属的植物混在一起；在7组同种不同亚种或品种植物中，仅有1组植物被聚合在一起。

The distribution and harm of species of dominant weeds of lawn vary with different area, and the most harmful weeds belong 8 families, which were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae , Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Polygonaceae, Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae, about accounted for from sixty percent to seventy percent in all weeds in lawn.

摘要不同地区草坪优势杂草的种类不尽相同，禾本科、菊科、莎草科、苋科、大戟科、蓼科、豆科和石竹科等8个科的杂草种类和发生数量最多，约占杂草总数的60%~70%。

DNA C-values might be one of important indices in the evaluation of angiospermous invasiveness. To test this viewpoint, we compared DNA 1C-values and basic genome sizes in 3,676 angiosperms. The results suggest that:(1) the two nuclear values vary greatly among different groups, e.g., significantly higher in herbs than in trees, in monocots than in dicots, in perennials than in non-perennials;(2) the two nuclear values both have significant effects on plant invasiveness, especially in herbs, dicots, monocots, perennials, non-perennials, diploids, polyploids, Compositae, and Poaceae, while not significant in trees and Fabaceae.

DNA C值与被子植物入侵性密切相关，为考察应用DNA C值评估被子植物入侵性的可靠性和局限性，我们统计分析了全世界范围内3676种被子植物的DNA 1C值（配子未发生DNA复制时的染色体DNA含量）及基因组大小（单个染色体组的DNA 含量），结果表明：1）DNA 1C值和基因组大小在被子植物不同类群中差异极大，例如在草本植物中显著高于木本植物，单子叶植物显著高于双子叶植物，多年生植物显著高于非多年生植物；2）两项指标都与被子植物入侵性显著负相关，尤其是在草本植物、双子叶植物、单子叶植物、多年生植物、非多年生植物、二倍体、多倍体、菊科和禾本科中，然而在木本植物、豆科植物中其与植物入侵性无显著关系。

The dominant families or the characteristic families are Theaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Fagaceae, Caprufoliaceae、Lauraceae、Vutaceae、Compositae、Myrsinaceae、Araliaceae、Euphorbiaceae、Eriaceae、Moraceae、Rubiaceae, and most of them are of tropical-subtropical distribution.

本区系的优势科或表征科是山茶科、冬青科、壳斗科、忍冬科、樟科、葡萄科、菊科、紫金牛科、桑科、五加科、大戟科、杜鹃花科、桑科、茜草科，绝大多数是热带亚热带分布的。

Any of several weedy, chiefly biennial plants of the genus Arctium in the composite family, having pink or purplish flower heads surrounded by prickly bracts and forming a bur in fruit.

牛蒡任一种杂草，主要是菊科牛蒡属的两年生植物，开粉红色或略带紫色的花穗，并被带有多刺的苞所包围，形成果实中的刺果

Gramineae and Compositae by the shifting sand to the fixed sandy land, the species of which changed greatly, that indicated they were playing a great role in the recovery of the sands. Asclepiadaceae plants could serve as a indicative plants to distinguish between the types of shifting sand and other sand; Portulacaceae and Bibgnoniaceae plants, which appeared only in the fixed sandy land, has become a landmark to determine the fixed sand plants. In addition to artificially plant Caragana spp. and Artemisia spp.

豆科和藜科植物作为流动沙地的先锋物种，表现出较强的适应能力；禾本科和菊科植物由流动沙地到固定沙地，其种类变化较大，表明其在沙地恢复中发挥着巨大的作用；萝摩科植物可作为区分流动沙地和其它沙地类型的指示性植物；马齿苋科和紫薇科植物仅在固定沙地中出现，已成为判断固定沙地的标志性植物。

I do not know the name of the plant, guess they are or Asteraceae Kwai?

我不知这种植物的名称，猜想它们是属于葵科或菊科？

The most notable characteristic of the Asteraceae is the arrangement of flowers in heads.

虽然菊科的成员多且复杂，它们最明显的特徵是具头状的花序（由一些到许多花长在花托上）。

Less well known is the allergic potential of plants in the Asteraceae family such as chrysanthemums and daisies.

少为人知，是菊科植物在家庭过敏的潜质，如菊花，雏菊。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。