菊头蝠科

Most importantly, our team are famous for much research on ecology, physiology,molecular phylogenesis of bats at home and abroad, we have gained much originative result in this field, and we firstly found and studied the third piscivorous bat, Myotis ricketti.We provide evidence that the species Myotis ricketti is piscivorous, and close negative relationships were found firstly within Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae between call frequency and ear length. Some species of taxology status in rhinolophidae were studied by molecular phylogenesis; phylogenesis relationship between rhinolophidae and hipposideridae and different populations of miniopterus schreibersii were also studied; we also studied Social structure of Tylonycteris pachypusa and T. robustula and the isolating mechanisms of ecological niches.

在蝙蝠生态、生理、和分子系统进化领域完成了大量研究，奠定了本项目组在此领域中的国际地位，首次在国际上证实性发现并系统研究了世界上第3种食鱼蝙蝠--大足鼠耳蝠；首次提出菊头蝠科蝙蝠回声定位叫声频率与耳长负相关；利用分子系统学研究方法澄清菊头蝠科内一些种的分类地位，菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科的关系，以及普通长翼蝠种群间的系统进化关系；系统地研究了扁颅蝠属仅有两个姐妹种的社会组织结构和生态位分化。

The sibship of the three families was concluded from echolocation signals. There is very close sibship between Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, which possibly evolved from the same original group. Vespertilionidae is an isolated group with little affinity to Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, probably evolving from another original group.

回声定位信号特征推断出三科蝙蝠之间的亲缘关系：菊头蝠科与蹄蝠科有很密切的亲缘关系，很可能由同一原始种群进化而来；蝙蝠科是一独立的种群，与菊头蝠和蹄蝠的亲缘关系较远，可能由另一原始种群进化而来。

Lepidopterainsectsincluded11families,morethan 30 species of moths,such as Noctuidae(relative number percentage of Lepidopterainsects36.6%),Sphingidae(24.1%),Geometridae(13.4%)and Limacodidae(9.5%). Thelength of forewings ranged from 5—40mm(99.5%) and 60—65mm(0.5%). The result ofPearson correlation analysis showed that foraging of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum might beselective, not random. 2. Foraging tactics mostly included two ways: aerial hawking during the period of thepeak of insects activity and flycatching during the insects' non-peak activity period.

马铁菊头蝠所捕食的鳞翅目昆虫包括 11 科 30余种蛾，主要以夜蛾科Noctuidae(占所捕食的鳞翅目昆虫的数量百分比为36.6%)、天蛾科Sphingidae(24.1%)、尺蛾科Geometridae(13.4%)和刺蛾科Limacodidae(9.5%)为主，捕食的鳞翅目昆虫前翅翅长介于 5—40mm(数量百分比为 99.5%)之间和 60—65mm 之间(0.5%) Pearson 相关分析表明马铁菊头蝠在捕食过程中不是随机捕食，而。

There is obvious negative correlation between dominant frequency and bodily size in Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae and Hipposideridae.

菊头蝠科、蝙蝠科和蹄蝠科回声定位信号能量最大处频率与体型呈明显的负相关，蝙蝠科相关性最好，其次为蹄蝠科，较差的为菊头蝠科；能量最大处频率与前臂长的回归线表明：对于前臂长相同的蝙蝠，蹄蝠科的能量最大处频率远远高于其它两科，菊头蝠科高于蝙蝠科。

The echolocation signals at flying, foraging behaviors and food types of 4 endemic species in China were studied. The results were described as followed:(1) Rhinolophus rex has long CF-FM signals, low dominant frequency with the range of 26. 8±0.2kHz, which is the lowest in the recorded Rhinolophidae.

2.4种中国特有蝙蝠飞行状态下的回声定位信号和根据回声定位信号推测出捕食策略和食物类型：（1）贵州菊头蝠回声定位信号为长CF-FM型，能量最大处频率非常低，为26.8±0.2kHz，是已有记载的菊头蝠科中回声定位频率最低的。

The echolocation signals of Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae are both long CF-FM with 1 harmonic and narrow FM bandwidth. But Rhinolophidae has longer duration, higher duty cycle and lower dominant frequency than Hipposideridae. All the echolocation signals of Vespertilionidae are short FM with 2-6 harmonics and wide FM bandwidth. Vespertilionidae has shorter duration and lower duty cycle than the other two families. There are obvious differences in dominant frequency between different species in this family.

菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科回声定位信号均为长CF-FM型，一般具有1个谐波，调频带很窄，但菊头蝠科的持续时间和能率环明显高于蹄蝠科，蹄蝠科能量最大处频率高于菊头蝠科；蝙蝠科回声定位信号均为短FM型，具有2～6个谐波，持续时间和能率环比其他两科低，调频带很宽，能量最大处频率在种间变化较大。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。