药物滥用

The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

译："药物滥用"这个词经常被用来代替"毒品滥用"，其目的是为了表明酒精和烟草这样的物质是可能像海洛因和可可因那样被误用的。

The phrase drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

许多医生和心理学家常使用"物质滥用"而不是"药物滥用"这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用象烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

Drug abuse is the self administration of drugs for nonmedical purposes.

药物滥用指的是非因为医学目的而自己使用药物。

This plan can include the goals of therapy, random urine drug screens, instructions for dispensing medications, follow-up timeline, consequences for misuse of medications, and clarification that opioids should be obtained from only one prescriber.

该计划可包括治疗目标、随机尿药浓度筛查、配药指导、随访时间表、药物滥用后果以及关于只能从一位处方医生处获取阿片类药物的澄清性说明。

The manner of death was deduced comprehensively based on all above findings. Results: There were 85 cases determined as drug abuse death in Shaanxi area from Oct. 1995 to Oct. 2001, including 63 males and 22 females. 70% of the subjects detected in postmortem biological samples were heroin /morphine. Hyperaemia, edema, hemorrhage and arteriolar sclerosis of multi-organs; cells denature and necrosis; foreign body in pulmonary, as well as needle puncture tracks on skin and dermapostasis, were common pathological observations. Incidences of tuberculosis(21%),cirrhosis(12%) and hepatitis(9%) were higher than those found in general autopsy population. No AIDS case was found.

结果··：陕西地区1995年-2001年有85例经法医鉴定为药物滥用死亡，其中男63例，女22例；尸体血液、脏器、毛发内检出的滥用药物70 %是海洛因/吗啡；多药混合滥用特点明显；最常见的病理变化包括：多脏器淤血、水肿、出血、小动脉硬化，细胞变性、坏死，肺内异物及皮肤注射针眼、脓肿等；常见合并的传染性疾病依次为：结核病(21 %)、肝硬化(12 %)和病毒性肝炎(9 %)等，AIDS未检出。

Instead, as in all areas of medicine, physicians need to tailor therapy to patients' specific needs. For ADHD patients who have a history of substance abuse, for example, the treating psychiatrist may want to start treatment with a nonstimulant therapy. If the treatment is not adequate, the second choice would be a long-acting stimulant coupled with rigorous monitoring."Because the stimulants used to treat ADHD are controlled substances, there is built-in monitoring," Dr. Alder said."However, we can watch such patients with extra care for warning signs such as early refills."

另外，Alder医师表示，所有的治疗都一样，医师们必须要对患者的特定需求，量身订制一套治疗法；对於有药物滥用纪录的ADHD患者，举例而言，医师们可以先使用非兴奋剂作治疗，若不合适，第二个选择就是长效型的兴奋剂，再辅以密集的监控；因为用以治疗ADHD的性奋剂都属於管制药物，所以都会有著必要的监控要求；无论如何，我们还是可以从患者的一些徵兆看出，如提早作药物补充等迹象。

Instead, as in all areas of medicine, physicians need to tailor therapy to patients' specific needs. For ADHD patients who have a history of substance abuse, for example, the treating psychiatrist may want to start treatment with a nonstimulant therapy. If the treatment is not adequate, the second choice would be a long-acting stimulant coupled with rigorous monitoring."Because the stimulants used to treat ADHD are controlled substances, there is built-in monitoring," Dr. Alder said."However, we can watch such patients with extra care for warning signs such as early refills."

另外，Alder医师表示，所有的治疗都一样，医师们必须要对患者的特定需求，量身订制一套治疗法；对于有药物滥用纪录的ADHD患者，举例而言，医师们可以先使用非兴奋剂作治疗，若不合适，第二个选择就是长效型的兴奋剂，再辅以密集的监控；因为用以治疗ADHD的性奋剂都属于管制药物，所以都会有著必要的监控要求；无论如何，我们还是可以从患者的一些征兆看出，如提早作药物补充等迹象。

For example, much of our prevention and treatment programs are based heavily on education. These programs often assume that if we can make the group we are targeting with our programs understand how terrible the outcomes of abusing drugs can be, their orbitofrontal cortexes will be strongly motivated

例如。我们主要的预防和治疗计画是透过教育，这些计画通常认为如果我们以此计画教导特定团体来了解药物滥用的严重后果时，他们的眼额叶皮质就会受到强烈动机影响，协助前额叶皮质执行它的功能，抑制药物滥用行为并作出有益的选择。

Results Singlefactor logistic regression analyses showed that there were very significant differences in 11 factors between the 2 groups（all P＜0.01）;multiplefactor conditional logistic regression analyses in the 11 factors showed that the main risk factors of psychoactive drug abuse in middle school students were parents' drug abuse,poor performance record,absent from class,violence,selfconscious loneliness and unharmony family relation,the main protective factor was more exchanges between parents and children.

结果 两组自拟问卷单因素Logistic回归分析发现，11个因素有极显著性差异（P均＜0.01）；将11个有显著意义的因素进行多因素条件Logistic回归分析，结果发现影响中学生精神活性药物滥用行为的主要危险因素为父母有药物滥用、学习成绩差、缺课、暴力行为、自觉孤独、家庭关系不和睦，而多与父母交流则为主要保护因素。

Morphological changes of degeneration, necrosis, apoptosis and immunohistochemieal changes of ncNOS, caspase-3, Fas and Bax resulted by opiums abuse in neurons could be regarded as morphological markers and pathological indicators in forensic diagnosis and identification.

海洛因、吗啡、度冷丁药物滥用引起的大脑皮质、中脑导水管周围灰质和中脑腹侧被盖区神经细胞变性、坏死、凋亡等形态学改变以及ncNOS、caspase-3、Fas、Bax免疫组织化学染色变化可作为阿片类药物滥用法医学鉴定的形态学辅助指标。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。