茧

Low cost, good moisture absorption, uniform pore structure, favorable business cocoon, silk board to reduce the void, so that the effective filament assembly integrity, fair and clear, and can reduce the double Palace cocoon, sub-cocoon (cocoon macular, purple print cocoon, cocoon deformity, etc.), inferior cocoon (cocoon thin skin, rotten cocoon), etc. more than 80%, improve the quality ofgrades 4-5, mining cocoon fast and convenient, not to hurt the hand, good quality silk.

成本低，吸湿性好，孔位结构均匀，利于营茧，减少无效板丝，使有效丝集结完整、白净，并能减少双宫茧、次茧（黄斑茧、紫印茧、畸形茧等）、劣茧等80%以上，鲜茧质量提高4-5个等级，采茧方便快捷、不伤手，茧丝质量好。

The result showed that the variance of special combining ability was significantly better than that of the general combining ability in amount of cocoon crop and cocooning rate to newly hatched larvae, meaning that non-additive effect of these two characters was dominant in cross combinations, but additive effect of thousand-cocoon weight was dominant.

结果表明：除千粒茧质量外，产茧量和收蚁结茧率的特殊配合力方差显著地大于一般配合力方差，说明在杂交后代这2个性状的非加性效应占主导地位，而千粒茧质量则以加性效应为主。

Entomologist and taxonomist paid much attention to the studies on the description of new species in past year. Less study on the phylogenetic of Apanteles Ferster was done. Many species of the genu are parasitods of small Lepidopteran pests. Most of them have more value in bio-Logical control.

绒茧蜂属Apanteles Foerster是茧蜂科Braconidae小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae的一个重要的属，目前分类学家对绒茧蜂属ApanteJesFoerster的研究主要集中在新种的描述，而对其系统发育关系的研究还未见报道。

In summary, FA is a sensitive indicator of the environmental stress and ecological risks induced in the parasitoid by exposure to Bt-cotton.

Bt棉对异色瓢虫也无影响，但在取食了转Bt基因棉的棉铃虫体内发育的寄生蜂较之对照表现为卵-结茧历期延长、茧重减轻、成虫寿命缩短，而其FA与个体结茧-出蜂历期呈显著正相关，表明FA是反映转Bt基因棉对斑痣悬茧蜂不利影响的敏感指标，可望成为转Bt基因棉生态风险的早期预警指标。

The evolutionary relationships were investgated by comparing the results from molecular data alone or molecular data combined morphological characters using different analysis methods: maximum parsimony by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0 and Bayesian inference by MrBayes 3.0B4. Base composition and ti/tv of 28S rDNA D2 regions were analyzed by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0. The results showed that GC content of the 28S rDNA D2 gene sequences of subfamily Euphorinae ranges from 40.00% to 49.25%. Transversion frequency of sequence variable sites among species of Euphorinae was higher than that of transition. The subfamily Euphorinae was proved to be a paraphyletic group with close relationship to subfamilies Neoneurinae and Cenocoelinae; only two tribes, Meterorini and Microctonini, were proved to be monophyletic groups; Centistini, Cosmophorini, Euphorini and Dinocampini were paraphyletic groups; the basal position of tribe Meterorini within Euphorinae was partially supported by our phylogenetic trees, and tribe Microctonini was proved to be a group at the top of the trees.

结果表明：优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动，而对于碱基替代情况来讲，优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换大于转换；不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群，而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群；在优茧蜂亚科内部，悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini（排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis）为单系群，而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群；悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持，同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。

Twenty three species belonging to 8 tribes 19 genera of the subfamily were involved, and eight species of eight genera belonging to six subfamilies of Braconidae were used as outgroups with Rogadinae, Braconinae and Doryctinae usd as "root" to testify the monophyletic nature of the subfamily. Four new DNA sequences of D2 region of 28S ribosomal were amplified and submited to GenBank. Forty one characters of morphology were selected and analyzed in a cladistic manner.

利用&圆口类&的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根，以PAUP4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析；并以PAUP4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。

Pupation rate, immatured worm, dead cocoon rate, cocoon shell weight, cocoon weight, percentage of cocoon shell weight, cocoon crop from 10000worms and cocoon shell weight from 10000 worms were controlled by genes with additive and dominant effects, but no epistatic effects in these traits.

结果表明，家蚕的虫蛹率、幼虫生命率、死笼率、全茧量、茧层量、茧层率、万蚕收茧量、万蚕茧层量8个性状同时受基因的加性效应和显性效应控制，不存在上位作用，茧层量、茧层率、万蚕收茧量呈现部分显性，虫蛹率、幼虫生命率、死笼率、全茧量、万蚕茧层量5个性状则呈现超显性。

The results basically supported Masons framework of two main clades(Apantelini +Microgastrini) and (Fornicini +Cotesiini + Microplitini ) in the Microgastrinae. The tribes arranged by Mason(1981), although imperfect, are basically credible and applicable.

研究证实了小腹茧蜂亚科族级分类单元可以分为两个主要分支，即绒茧蜂族Apantelini+小腹茧蜂蜂族Microgastrini和拱茧蜂族Fornicini+盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini+侧沟茧蜂族Microplitini。

The GCA and SCA between various parents and cross combinations were significantly different. The GCA effect value of 582 was the highest in these three traits. The sum of breeding value and SCA of cross combination 582×Kangda was significantly superior to other combinations in amount of cocoon crop and cocooning rate to newly hatched larvae. The best cross combination of breeding value and SCA was 582×9906 in thousand-cocoon weight.

供试亲本间及各组合间的GCA和SCA差异较大，其中亲本材料582的产茧量、千粒茧质量及收蚁结茧率3个性状均表现出最高的GCA效应值；杂交组合582×抗大的产茧量和收蚁结茧率的育种值与SCA之和明显地优于其他组合，千粒茧质量的育种值与SCA之和最优的组合为582×9906。

In this paper , the sex-effects of the cocoon quality characters in silkworm was predicted with Mixed linear model :The fact that the probability of effect variance and predictability of random gender of whole cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, ratio of cocoon shell and pupa weight reached a level of extreme significance showed that the gender effect of the four traits was extremely significant, which matched with the reality completely.

研究采用混合线性模型，对家蚕全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等性状的性别效应进行理论估算：全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等4性状的性别随机效应的方差的概率和性别随机效应的预测值概率都达到极显著水平，证明全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和蛹体重等四性状的性别效应极显著，这完全符合实际情况。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。