茎的结构

F. bidentis leaf was of isobilateral type, and had thicker epidermis cell wall and cuticle, obvious cryptopores, and highly developed palisade tissue, with typical C4-plant Kranz anatomy. The collenchymas and vascular tissue in stem and the aerenchyma in root were well developed. Secretory structure was found in all vegetative organs. According to the analyses of soil physical and chemical properties and relevant ecological factors, F.

结果表明：黄顶菊叶片表皮具较厚的角质层、下陷气孔，叶片为等面叶、全栅型，叶肉细胞环绕维管束鞘细胞紧密排列，是典型C4植物的Kranz花环结构；茎中厚角组织和维管组织发达，根中还存在通气组织；根、茎、叶中均存在分泌结构。

After calculation, the author found that Brazier effect is the main cause of bending of hollow stalk plants.

对结构屈曲形式影响其次的是横向和纵向弹性模量之比，大节距时，茎长对结构屈曲形式的影响不是很明显。

Ratio of the external leaf surface to its volume was smaller in psammophytes than in mesophytes.

轴器官中普遍具有发达的机械组织，一些植物形成异常结构；根的周皮发达；茎中基本组织／半径比率较大；部分植物形成同化枝，有的茎、叶中存在粘液细胞或结晶。

For the BM-rice,the sclerenchyma of leaves was shrunken,vascular bundle of leaves was reduced,the strumae of outer epidermis of stem was sparse and the link of phloem of root was loosed and dispersed.

2通过扫描电镜观察，脆性突变水稻的组织结构发生了较大变化：叶片薄壁组织扩张，厚壁组织收缩，维管束数目减少；茎杆外表皮硅质瘤状结构分布稀疏；根中柱韧皮部组织排列稀疏，连接松散。

Only one case had length of styloid process less than 30mm and inclined angle less than 25 degree on both sides. Conclusion: Excessive length of styloid process and abnormal angle play important role in diagnosing styloid process. 64slice spiral CT three dimension VR and MPR can display styloid process clearly in three dimension space, measure the length exactly, and show the relationship between styloid process and tissue around distinctly. It is a precise and ideal way for diagnosis of styloid process.

茎突过长结合角度异常是诊断茎突综合征的重要依据。64排螺旋CT MPR和VR重建能清楚、直观地显示茎突在三维空间的全貌，准确地测量其长度、角度以及反应其与周围组织结构的关系，是诊断茎突综合征的一种较准确、且理想的检查方法。

A hydroponical experiment was carried out to study the toxicity of copper, cadmium and their combined pollution on ultrastructure of Commelina bengalensis Linn. Transmission Electron Microscope was used to investigate the effect of heavy metal on ultrastructure of different parts of plants.

为了解铜、镉对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞亚显微结构的毒害及作用位点，以期为进一步研究鸭跖草属植物的耐重金属机理提供理论基础，本文通过透射电子显微技术研究了75 μmol·L-1铜和50μml·L-1镉及其交互污染对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞超微结构的影响和铜、镉在细胞中的分布。

The results are as follows:The relationship between the precipitation and the stemflow is a linear regression. The stemflow of six forest types is Broadleaf forest, Conifer and broadleaf forest, Cupressus funebris forest, Mixed conifer forest, Pinus massoniana forest and Shrubbery and grass land in order.

结果如下：树干茎流量与降雨量成线性相关，回归方程达到极显著水平；6种森林类型的树干茎流量从大到小依次为阔叶林、针阔混交林、柏木林、针叶混交林、马尾松林和灌草地；不同树种间的树干茎流量差异极显著，影响树干茎流量的主要树体特征因子是冠型结构、胸径和平均冠幅。

Paraffin sectioning was employed to study the developmental structure of stems and leaves of Messerschinidia sibirica, especially the position, the structure and the formation and development of the salty gland. The result indicated: that salty gland of M. sibirica is from epidermic cell of stem and leaf. Based on the observation we found one primary kind of salty glands structure which consists of many cells on the epidermis including the collecting cell and the secretory cell and so on.

利用石蜡切片法研究了砂引草茎叶的解剖结构，尤其是对泌盐腺的位置、泌盐腺的形态结构及泌盐腺的发生发育过程进行了系统的研究，结果表明：砂引草的盐腺由茎叶的表皮细胞发育而成，通过观察发现在砂引草的表皮上存在着一种主要的盐腺结构，它是由多个细胞组成，包括收集细胞和分泌细胞等。

The results of observation on the microstructure of Karelinia caspica, Tamarix stromongolica, Salsola collina. Cheno Dodium glaucum, stipa bangenana show that the nutritional organs of these halophytes present some adaptability structures as follows:(1) sunken stomas, thick cuticle and orderly arrangement of epidermal cell;(2) equilateral leaves with developed palisade tissue, or squama-shaped leaf;(3) well-developed water-storing tissue in stems and leaves;(4) crystal cells, salt glands in most of the leaves and assimilating branches.

通过对花花柴、甘蒙怪柳、猪毛菜、灰绿藜、长芒草五种盐生植物显微结构观察，这五种盐生植物营养器官的形态结构均呈现一定的适应性特征：(1)气孔器下陷，角质层加厚，表皮细胞排列紧密而整齐；(2)多为等面叶，叶片栅栏组织发达，或退化为鳞片状，而具同化枝；(3)茎、叶多为肉质化，贮水组织发达；(4)具有含晶细胞，枝叶具盐腺。

Result It was confirmed as a reasonable population when the total stem number of wheat in reviving stage was lower than the mature spike number, the shuttle-shaped plant form at the stage of maximal population, and the leaf area coefficient in flowering stage was 4. Soil fertility had significant influence on the growth of wheat stems and leaves at early stage and had certain influence at middle-late stage. Density influenced the growth of stems and leaves before the formation of the largest population, while it had little effect after flowering.

结果］冬小麦起身期的总茎数略低于成穗数，群体最大时期株型呈现梭形，开花期叶面积系数为4是较为合理的冠层结构；土壤肥力对小麦前期的茎、叶生长影响显著，在中后期也有一定的影响；密度则在形成最大群体前影响茎叶的生长，到小麦开花后影响不明显。

John Robbins lives with his family in Santa Cruz, California.

约翰罗宾和家人居住在加利福尼亚州的圣克鲁斯县。

The international background is mainly the economic ties among different nations tented to be widen and deepen at the peace and development times.

国际背景主要是和平与发展时代条件下的世界各国经济贸易联系的日益加深。