茎出的

During the process of long-time adaptive evolution, wetland plants adopted a series of special strategies to acclimate to salt stress. The main strategies are: 1 life history adjustment, e. g., to adjust seed germination time, implement seed dormancy and viviparity, and change reproductive manner to escape from direct salt stress, 2 morphological adjustment, e. g., to adjust biomass allocation pattern, age stem, defoliate, and carnify vegetative organs to isolate the redundant Na(superscript +) to the inactive-metabolism shoots or exclude the Na(superscript +)from tissues; 3 anatomic adjustment, e. g., to sink stoma, develop aerenchyma, and thicken cuticle and phellogen to maintain normal photosynthesis and respiration; 4 physiological and biochemical adjustment, e. g., to exclude and excrete salt, compartmentalize ions, adjust osmosis, do selective absorption, regulate hormones, and induce antioxidative enzymes to maintain the osmotic equilibrium and eliminate the active oxygen in cell; and 5 molecular level adjustment, e. g., to start up many salt-induced genes to regulate the metabolic responses to salt stress.

在长期的适应进化过程中，湿地植物形成了多种适应盐胁迫的策略，主要有：1生活史方面，植物可通过种子萌发时间的调整、种子体眠、胎生、繁殖方式的改变等逃避盐度的直接伤害；2形态学方面，植物可通过生物量分配模式的调整、茎的老化、落叶及营养器官的肉质化等将多余的Na隔离到代谢不活跃的茎中或将其排出体外；3解剖学方面，植物可通过气孔下陷、发达的通气组织、增加细胞木栓层、角质层及栅栏组织的厚度等以维持植物正常的光合作用和呼吸作用；4生理生化方面，植物可通过离子区隔化、拒盐、泌盐、选择性吸收、渗透调节、激素调节及抗氧化物酶的诱导等来维持细胞内正常的渗透压，清除胞内活性氧分子；5分子水平方面，植物可通过多种与盐胁迫相关的基因来调控细胞内的多种代谢反应。

Although their role in formation and deposition of cellulose microfibrils had been proposed, they may also performed a function in the lignification.

另外，在茎的部分基本薄壁组织细胞和韧皮部等未木质化的细胞壁中，过氧化物酶也同样表现出较强的活性，这说明在茎的不同组织中分布的这种酶，可能是几种不同功能的同工酶形式。

The "Phoenix" was just one of the dramatic "pictorial" crop formations which appeared in the fields of England last summer--and to our surprise the plant samples taken from it (and several of the other equally astounding formations) showed clear evidence of exposure to a plasma discharge: stunted and poorly-developed seed-heads, massive apical node elongation, expulsion cavities and--in several cases--node bending which could not be attributed to phototropism/gravitropism.

"凤凰"只是其中一个戏剧性的作物结构"图案"，去年夏天出现在英格兰的田地-和令我们吃一惊的是取自它的植物样本（及几个其它同样惊人的结构）显示清楚的证据，曾在一等离子体放电下暴露：发育迟缓和弱发展的种子头，大量的顶上茎节延伸，驱逐凹处及-在一些情况下-茎节弯曲并不能归因於向光性/重力影响。

The results showed that different southernwood cultivars displayed different artemisinin contents, especially, the artemisinin contents of planting cultivars and the cultivars with coloured stem were higher. Further AFLP analysis indicated that a specific fragment was amplified respectively with the primers of EA04-MC05 and EA01-MC01. According to the differentia fragments, we clustering analyzed the 10 major kinds of southernwoods by utilizing WPGMA approach. However, there was no distinctly relativity between the artemisinin contents and diversity of AFLP analysis and just can distinguish, southernwood of Youyang county from Shapingba and Beipo in producing area which still illuminated that the heredity differentia of southernwood presented itself obviously in different area.

研究结果表明：不同的青蒿株系青蒿素含量不同，栽培株系和色茎株系青蒿素含量较高；进一步的AFLP分析表明引物组合EA04-MC05和EA01-MC01分别在高产青蒿株系和茎色青蒿株系中均能扩增出一条特异性条带；根据AFLP差异带，用WPGMA法对10个主要青蒿类型进行聚类分析，结果没有得到与青蒿素含量的明确关联，只是从产地上将酉阳青蒿与北碚、沙坪坝青蒿区分，说明不同地区青蒿的遗传差异较大。

Result］ The extracted liquid from D. stramonium could decrease the germination rates of 4 vegetables and the seed germination of tomato and pepper. After treatment by 0.2, 0.4 g/ml extracted liquid , the seed germination of tomato and pepper were decreased by 10.2％, 9.4％ and 46.7％, 34.7％ than that of CK resp. The extracted liquid at 0.2 g/ml could inhibit the growth of vegetable root, but had some promotion on growth of vegetable stem. The extracted liquid at 0.4 g/ml had the strong inhibition on the growth of vegetable root, but its inhibition on growth of vegetable stem was greatly variable in different species.

结果］曼陀罗浸提液可降低4种蔬菜种子的发芽速率，降低番茄和辣椒种子的发芽率；0.2、0.4 g/ml曼陀罗浸提液处理后，番茄和辣椒种子的发芽率分别比对照降低了10.2％、9.4％和46.7％、34.7％。0.2 g/ml曼陀罗浸提液抑制蔬菜根的生长，而对茎的生长却表现出促进作用；0.4 g/ml曼陀罗浸提液对蔬菜根的生长有很强的抑制作用，对茎段生长的抑制作用因物种不同而有很大差异。

The experiment result showed that the highest content of oleuropein was in the flower,On the basis of more than 300 times of experiments and more than 2000 test samples of data determination in this thesis, we gained the achievements in the following:1. The establishment of callus culture system and the suspension cell culture system of Syringa pubescens Turcz.

建立了小叶丁香的愈伤组织培养体系和悬浮细胞培养体系首次选择小叶丁香的叶片、叶芽和嫩茎等不同部位作为外植体，利用植物组织培养技术，在添加相应的植物生长调节剂的LS、MS等培养基上成功地诱导产生出愈伤组织，其中叶片最容易诱导产生愈伤组织，其次为芽和嫩茎。

Don.methodswith the stem of sterile seedling and fresh plants as exophyte, ms as a basic medium, 6-ba and naa hormone were adopted as the experimental variables.resultsms +1.0 mg / l 6-ba +1.0 mg / l naa induced the best effect of callus; higher concentrations of 6-ba with high concentrations of naa made callus densification and higher rate.conclusion different plant hormones and their different concentration ratios have different effects on the callus of halenia elliptica d.

方法以椭圆叶花锚种子培养的无菌苗的茎和新鲜植株的茎段为外殖体，ms为基本培养基，分别以6-ba和naa两种植物激素为变量进行实验研究。结果ms培养基+1.0 mg/l 6-ba+1.0 mg/l naa对诱导椭圆叶花锚愈伤组织的形成效果最佳；高浓度的6-ba配合较高浓度的naa诱导的愈伤组织致密，出愈率高。

The most suitable explants for in vitro growth were shoot-tips and stem segments from sprouting cutting which were plugged in water or in vermiculite under weak light more than 24 h.

最适合的外植体是新切下的枝条插入含有蛭石和充足水的营养钵中24h以上，使其在弱光下迅速长出嫩枝的茎切段和茎尖。

The Plant tissue raise is the plant sterile culture technology, has the totipotency theory according to the vegetable cell, the use plant body exsomatize organ (for example root, stem, leaf, stem point, flower, fruit and so on), the organization (for example cambium, epidermis, cerebral cortex, marrow department cell, endosperm and so on) or the cell (for example big spore, small spore, somatic cell and so on) as well as the protoplast, in aseptic and suitable artificial culture medium and illumination, temperature and so on under artificial condition, can induce injuries the organization, not to decide the bud, the adventitious root, finally forms the complete adult plant the discipline.

植物组织培养即植物无菌培养技术，是根据植物细胞具有全能性的理论，利用植物体离体的器官(如根、茎、叶、茎尖、花、果实等)、组织（如形成层、表皮、皮层、髓部细胞、胚乳等）或细胞（如大孢子、小孢子、体细胞等）以及原生质体，在无菌和适宜的人工培养基及光照、温度等人工条件下，能诱导出愈伤组织、不定芽、不定根，最后形成完整的植株的学科。

In order to screen out suitable lines for seashores in the east of China,lines of Spartin patens induced by low energy heavy ion were grown at simulating seashore environment condition.Leaf length and width,stem height and diameter,biomass and some photosynthetic indexes were assayed.

为从狐米草低能重离子突变系中筛选出生物量大、光合能力强、并可在滩涂生长良好的牧草用突变系，在室外模拟沿海滩涂环境中种植狐米草，检测各突变系的叶长、叶宽、茎高、茎直径、地上部分生物量以及各突变系单位面积的光合能力等指标。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失