英国的政策

At first,this paper has reviewed the historical background of gold bullion controversy ---the economic status of England in the nineteenth century; In additional, it has presented the points of Ricardian analysis method; At last,it has set forth David Ricardo' s policy suggestions to coinage and his viewpoints of Quantity Theory of Money, we will see the shadow of some model money theory problems.

内容提要：首先，本文考察了金块论争的历史背景——十九世纪初英国的经济状况，并简要介绍了李嘉图分析方法的特点，其次，详细阐述了李嘉图对当时货币制度的些政策建议及其货币数量论的观点，其中我们将看到很多当代货币理论问题的影子，充分体现了货币理论研究的连续性。

At first,this paper has reviewed the historical background of gold bullion controversy ---the economic status of England in the nineteenth century; In additional, it has presented the points of Ricardian analysis method; At last,it has set forth David Ricardo' s policy suggestions to coinage and his viewpoints of Quantity The ory of Money, we will see the shadow of some model money theory problems.

大卫·李嘉图的货币数量理论内容提要：首先，本文考察了金块论争的历史背景——十九世纪初英国的经济状况，并简要介绍了李嘉图分析方法的特点，其次，详细阐述了李嘉图对当时货币制度的一些政策建议及其货币数量论的观点，其中我们将看到很多当代货币理论问题的影子，充分体现了货币理论研究的连续性。

Since the Great Britain is an island country out of the Continent, the content of its foreign strategy must come from this location: expanded actively to the oversea, managed its domain and strength, and at the same time, to the countries in the Continent, it adopted the balance of the powers, preventing the emergence of the super- hegemonical countries which would threaten the security and hegemony of the Great Britain. As the representative of the Continent, France is called "hexangular country" of which its frontier was surrounded by the once powerful neighbors-- Germany, Italy, Spain.

由于英国是处于欧洲大陆之外的岛国，这一地理位置决定了它的外交大战略的内容：积极向海洋扩张，经营自己的版图和实力，同时对欧洲大陆采取均势政策，防止超霸型国家出现，威胁英伦三岛的安全和英国的优势地位；作为大陆国家代表的法国，则被称为&六角国&，四周边境长期被曾经强大的邻居德国、意大利、西班牙包围。

The recovery has been helped by an extraordinary stimulus, both fiscal and monetary. The budget deficit has burgeoned to a post-war record, the base rate is at a 300-year low and the policy of "quantitative easing" has been vigorously pursued.

在财政和货币方面，不同以往的刺激计划帮助英国摆脱了衰退，但是快速增长的财政赤字达到了战后的水平，基础利率则是300年以来最低的，&定量释放&的政策被政府积极地执行了。

To the consternation of many politicians, its policy of pegging the yuan to the dollar undervalues the Chinese currency. This makes made-in-America goods, as well as those produced in Europe and Britain, more expensive in China.

令一些政治家惊愕的是，中国将人民币与美元绑定的政策低估了人民币的币值，这使得美国生产的商品，以及欧洲大陆和英国生产的商品，在中国更加昂贵。

Of the two great political parties which have divided the opinions and feelings of our country, the candid and the just will now admit that both have contributed splendid talents, spotless integrity, ardent patriotism, and disinterested sacrifices to the formation and administration of this Government, and that both have required a liberal indulgence for a portion of human infirmity and error. The revolutionary wars of Europe, commencing precisely at the moment when the Government of the United States first went into operation under this Constitution, excited a collision of sentiments and of sympathies which kindled all the passions and imbittered the conflict of parties till the nation was involved in war and the Union was shaken to its center. This time of trial embraced a period of five and twenty years, during which the policy of the Union in its relations with Europe constituted the principal basis of our political divisions and the most arduous part of the action of our Federal Government. With the catastrophe in which the wars of the French Revolution terminated, and our own subsequent peace with Great Britain, this baneful weed of party strife was uprooted.

至于导致我国在观点和情感上出现分歧的两大政党，率直公正的人现在都会承认，两党均为联邦政府的创建和运作贡献了杰出的才智、无暇地正直和热忱的爱国精神，并作出了无私的牺牲，当然两党都难免犯有人类的一部分毛病和错误，这也不足为怪，就在美国政府刚开始根据宪法运转之时，欧洲爆发了革命战争，由此激起国人互相对立的情绪和同情，导致全国群情激荡，党派冲突进而加剧，我国最终卷入了一场战争，联盟的支柱因而受到动摇，这一考验历时二十五年，在此期间，美国处理与欧洲关系的政策构成我们政治分歧的主要根源，也是联邦政府最为棘手的事情，随着法国革命战争在灾难中告终，我们随之幼鱼英国恢复和平，于是党派倾轧的这一毒草遂被连根拔除。

Of the two Germanies, at which time the make-up of the city's population was undergoing a momentous transformation, with large influxes of German-ethnic descendants from the former Soviet Union, immigrants from Eastern European countries and, thanks to the European Union's liberal consensual policy, Africanand Latin American musicians relocated from France, Britain, Netherlands and other countries -- representing a rich variety of nationalities and many kinds of music performed by the competition participants.

那时是德国刚统一后的头几年，居民的人口、性质正在大幅度改变，所以来报名参加的音乐团队成员，有来自前苏联的德国后裔、东欧的移民大幅度增加，另外从法国、英国、荷兰等移至德国的非洲及拉丁美洲音乐人口也大幅成长，后者要拜欧洲联盟的政策所赐；所以团队的国籍与音乐种类也丰富了许多。

In the 19th century the banking school had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the currency school had more influence "on the continent", that is in non-British countries, particularly in the Latin Monetary Union and the earlier Scandinavia monetary union.

在19th世纪，银行业学派对在美利坚合众国以及大不列颠的政策有更深远的影响，而货币学院派则对欧洲大陆除了英国以外的国家的影响更深一些，特别是那些拉丁货币体系的联盟以及更早期的斯堪的纳维亚货币体系联盟。

The fourth part, tried, on the base of research results of studiers home and abroad, to use the profession of teachers'info qualifications and teachers'info technology education as theory frame of research, and to make analysis of teachers'info technology education policy, training contents and practical applications of the United States, UK and Japan, in the meanwhile, to point out hints to our middle and elementary school teachers'info technology education.

第四部分，本研究试图在国内外学者研究的基础上，以教师信息素养和教师信息技术教育的专业性作为研究的理论框架，对美国、英国、日本的教师信息技术教育的政策、培训内容及实践等进行了分析，并指出对中小学教师信息技术教育的启示。

Member for North Antrim (Rev. Ian Paisley), who saved the Government's bacon earlier this evening, is in his place and as we spent so many hours discussing anti-terrorism, let me spell it out: we are making new terrorists in Britain with our policy towards Somalia, with our double standards and with our hypocrisy.

会员北安特里姆郡，谁节省政府的培根较早前今天晚上，是他在的地方，和我们花了这麼多小时，讨论反恐怖主义，让我清楚说明，它指出：我们正在作出新的恐怖分子在英国与我们的政策对索马里，与我们的双重标准，并与我们的伪善。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。