英国主义

Oscar Wilde is one of the most famous aestheticism writer in Britain.

奥斯卡·王尔德是英国最著名的唯美主义代表作家。

"J-POWER is different," says Akira Amari, Japan's trade minister, justifying his unease over a request by The Children's Investment Fund, a British activist shareholder group, to double its stake in Japan's formerly state-owned electricity wholesaler.

当顽童基金TCI这家英国的股东积极主义团体要求将其在J-Power的持股份额翻倍时，为了辩解他对这一要求的不安，日本经济产业大臣甘利明如此说道。

He greatly influenced anarchist movements in Russia and England.

他对俄国和英国的无政府主义运动产生了很大的影响

Hitherto, an uneasy alliance of low-church evangelicals and Anglo-Catholics has struggled to resist liberal Anglicanism."This will change the balance in the Church of England in favour of the liberals," says Jonathan Bartley of Ekklesia, a think-tank."The evangelicals won't go to Rome and they may now be abandoned by their Anglo-Catholic allies."

Hitherto，一个焦虑的福音教派和圣公会-天主教联盟，正努力抵制开放的圣公会主义"取悦自由派将会改变英国教会的平衡"， Ekklesia 的智囊 Jonathan Bartley 说："福音教徒不会改信罗马，他们有可能被圣公会-天主教联盟抛弃"。

However, the labor-developing history backgrounds in United Kingdom and Germany are completely different. Because of the more widespread tradition of voluntarism, the workplace-based confrontation and uncompulsory arbitrations brought the British industrial relations to be criticized. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, social-economic Germany established the institutions of Co-determination and Collective Bargaining. There are agreements of voluntary negotiations between the social partners and are not determined by legal enactments or any other form of state interference. On the other hand, the organized work councils in workplaces represent the interests of employees and prove able to promote a high degree of social integration.

然而，英国与德国劳资互动的发展历史背景是截然不同的，英国长久以来以自愿主义为首的行事风格、以工作场所做为首要的抗争重地和独特的政府非威权式的处理劳资争议为其劳资关系中的三个特点，另一方面战后德国建立起「共同决定」与「团体自主权」的制度，工会与雇主团体於工资等条件展开自发性的谈判，而另一方面劳工也可以参与公司的营运与工作，这个制度对於劳资之间的对话、沟通及维护社会稳定起了很大的作用，德国得以在二次战后迅速发展成为欧洲重工业大国，并发展社会市场经济。

George Thomas Staunton's legend China experiences is one of British overseas colonizes exploration representative personages in 19th century initial period, this thesis penetrates to the description of his biography key activities, besides the supplement formerly Chinese scholar's insufficiency which studied about him, the author hoped take him as an example, further contacted some more important fields, like Europeans outside the territory exploration, philosophical history, the British free trade ideological trend and East India Company, the British views on China after Macartney Embassy, the Orientalism, the anthropology research, the China and the West culture impact and so on questions, hoped could evoke more discussions.

斯当东传奇性的中国经历是19世纪初期英国海外殖民探险的代表人物之一，本论文透过对其生平重要活动的描绘，除补遗先前中文学界对此人研究的缺漏外，笔者希望以其为例，进一步触及较重要的层面，如欧人域外探险、「历史哲学」史观、英国自由贸易思潮与东印度公司、马戛尔尼使团后英人的中国意象、东方主义、人类学研究、中西文化冲击等问题，希能引发学界更多的讨论。

Quoting extracts from the BNP articles, Finlay and Wood say the arguments resemble a conspiracy theory and they identify the use of two tools of persuasion in relation to Muslims in Britain: the "accentuation effect", which is the attempt to portray outgroups as homogeneous and distinct from ingroups; and "essentialism", which is the idea that members of a given group all share important, essential qualities.

通过引用英国国民党文章的节选部分，芬莱和伍德这些观点很像是阴谋理论，他们还鉴别出说服的两种用法和英国的穆斯林很相似：这种&突出效果&是为了将局外者表现成同类而将局内者区分开来；另外&本质主义&的含义是某个特定人群的成员拥有同样重要的根本的特质。

Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Irish-born English playwright, novelist, essayist and poet, brings us a series of successful and sometimes innovative productions of different genres.

奥斯卡·王尔德（1854—1900）是出生于爱尔兰的英国剧作家、诗人、散文家，英国唯美主义运动的代表人物。

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在&结语&部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以&基督教大世界&普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

As for the writing of India, there exit some complicated and intricate historical relations between colonial literature and post-colonial literature , which is related to the Orientalist attitude of British writers and Indian-British writers.

殖民文学与后殖民文学在书写东方印度主题方面，存在一些复杂微妙的历史联系，存在着历时性和共时性的&东方&话语，这与一些英国作家和印裔英国作家的东方主义心态有关。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。