英国主义

This article chooses the most prevailing authors as object from France, Britain, Germany, and Russia, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the Sentimentalism in Britain, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy,"The Yellow Book" Writers＆Ernest Dowson, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Romanticism in Germany, Theodor Storm, Rudolph lindau, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev. In order to expound content arising and influence from European literature, this article demonstrates Yu Da-fu's preference to them, the factual relationship between Yu Da-fu and their productions, the choosing and accepting for their creativity style, the representation of sentiment in his creativity, and the guidance to his aesthetics and creativity from European authors and creations……Meanwhile, it is indicated that Yu Da-fu's sentiment is not simply duplication of European literature, but had its unique characters.

对郁达夫创作的感伤风格构成影响的欧洲作家有很多，本文着重选取最为明显的四国——法国、英国、德国与俄国的一些代表性作家作为论述对象，包括卢梭、英国感伤主义、华兹华斯、哈代、"黄面志"作家群及道森、歌德、德国浪漫派、施笃姆、林道、屠格涅夫，论证了郁达夫对他们的偏爱，郁达夫与他们的作品之间发生的事实联系，郁达夫对他们的创作风格的选择和接受，郁达夫的感伤风格在创作中的表现，欧洲作家作品如何指引郁达夫的审美与创作……由此得出本文的主要结论：郁达夫创作的感伤风格深受欧洲文学的影响。

These books revealed the harm to human beings and society that is brought by abusing science and also revealed the humanistic crisis that is induced by technological progress. They also pointed out that human beings may be on the way leading to a dystopia society.

尤其是英国独特的人文主义、怀疑主义和自由主义哲学传统使英国主流文学作家创造了一些不朽的科幻文学作品，这些作品揭示了科学的滥用所带来的对社会的和人类自身的危害，以及技术的进步所带来的人文主义的危机，从而使人类社会有走向乌托邦理想的反面，即反乌托邦社会的可能。

This thesis uses Esping-Andersen's theory about the regimes of three welfare states (social democratic welfare state; state-corporatist welfare state; liberal welfare state) as well as Southern European welfare state regime to compare the policies regarding family/child allowance, tax credit, childcare and parental leave in Sweden, France, UK and Spain.

安得森(Esping-Andersen)传统的三个福利国家体制（瑞典的社会民主式、法国的国家组合主义式及英国的自由主义式）之架构，另外再加上南欧福利国家体制，以此四种不同的福利国家体制来分析瑞典、法国、英国及西班牙这四国对於单亲家庭在经济支持政策及儿童照顾政策这二方面的需求，所提出的相关社会福利措施及改革来进行研究探讨。

Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall," Institutions and International Order," in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau, eds., Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges : approaches to world politics for the 1990s (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989), pp. 51-73; Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Karin M Fierke and Knud Erik Jorgensen, eds.

建构主义理论和英国的「国际社会取向」（ international society approach ）有许多类似之处，英国学派主要学者以 Hedley Bull 和 Martin Wight 两人最为著名，此派学者主张国家体系是深植於国际社会之中，这个社会包含了国家广为接受的各种价值、规范、和机构，因此可提供国家体系运作的基础。

As for the writing of India, there exit some complicated and intricate historical relations between colonial literature and post-colonial literature , which is related to the Orientalist attitude of British writers and Indian-British writers.

殖民文学与后殖民文学在书写东方印度主题方面，存在一些复杂微妙的历史联系，存在着历时性和共时性的"东方"话语，这与一些英国作家和印裔英国作家的东方主义心态有关。

Abatract As for the writing of India, there exit some complicate historical relations between colonial literature and post-colonial literature, which is related to the orientalist attitudes of the English writers and Indian English writers.

四川大学文学与新闻学院比较文学系，成都 610064）摘要殖民文学与后殖民文学在书写东方印度主题方面，存在一些复杂微妙的历史联系，这与一些英国作家和印裔英国作家的东方主义心态有关。

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在"结语"部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以"基督教大世界"普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

Caryl Churchill is an outstanding contemporary British playwright, as well as the most welcomed female playwright and socialist-feminist playwright in the west. She has gained several awards, such as Obie Award, Evening Standard Award, West End Theatre Award, Susan Smith Blackburn Prize, etc.

凯萝·邱吉尔是当代英国杰出的剧作家，也是欧美最当红的女剧作家，社会主义—女权主义剧作家的代表，曾多次荣获&奥比奖&&晚会标准奖&&伦敦西区戏剧奖&&苏珊·史密斯·布莱克博恩奖&&英国西区剧院协会奖&等欧美戏剧大奖。

On the one hand, the English School inherits most of Grotianist stands, especially his rationalist thinking methods and his rationalist concepts of international society. On the other hand,the English School has discarded Grotian ways of determining regulations of international society on universal principles of national law. They insist instead on a set of international regulations agreed on by all states as basis to determine the regulations of international society.

一方面，英国学派继承了格劳秀斯主义的大部分主张，特别是其理性主义的思想方法和国际社会概念；另一方面，英国学派摒弃了格劳秀斯基于普遍的自然法原则来确定国际社会规则的做法，坚持根据源自国家同意的国际法的一套规则作为确定国际社会规则的依据。

The trend of thought of new social history of Britain has comprehensive and profound historiographical origin at home and abroad.

笼统地说来，从20世纪五六十年代起，&英国一些史学家以马克思主义理论为指导，吸收其他社会科学的新观念和新方法来研究英国历史，极大地拓宽了历史研究的领域，更新了研究方法，到70年代，逐渐形成了新社会史学派。&

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。