英国

According to the study of Britains domestic and home political policies as well as some political events from 1855 to 1865, the text try to show a different but real Palmerston, revealing him how to manage British affairs according to liberalism ideology, how to make great efforts on establishing a fair and tolerant government . Through his political actions, the text would make clear of the relationship between British liberal theory and the reality operation in the 19~ century. Between 1855 and 1865, British liberalism was in a relatively stable period to accumulate forces, and an ascendant transition period.

本文将通过对1855-1865年英国国内和国外众多政策和政治事件的整体性研究，展现一个与以往不同的、真实的帕麦斯顿，揭示帕麦斯顿是如何按照自由主义的理念管理1855-1865年的英国事务，如何为建立一个高效、公平和宽容的政府而努力，通过其政治行为展现十九世纪英国自由主义理论和现实运动之间的关系。1855-1865年间，英国自由主义处于一个相对稳定的积聚力量、蓄势待发的过渡时期。

In a Word, I was so prepossess'd against my going by Sea at all, except from Calais to Dover, that I resolv'd to travel all the Way by Land; which as I was not in Haste, and did not value the Charge, was by much the pleasanter Way; and to make it more so, my old Captain brought an English Gentleman, the Son of a Merchant in Lisbon, who was willing to travel with me: After which, we pick'd up two more English Merchants also, and two young Portuguese Gentlemen, the last going to Paris only; so that we were in all six of us, and five Servants; the two Merchants and the two Portuguese, contenting themselves with one Servant, between two, to save the Charge; and as for me, I got an English Sailor to travel with me as a Servant, besides my Man Friday, who was too much a Stranger to be capable of supplying the Place of a Servant on the Road.

总之，我不想走海路已成了一种先入为主的想法，怎么也无法改变了；唯一我愿意坐船的一段路，就是从加来到多佛尔这段海路。现在，我既不想急于赶路，又不在乎花钱，所以就决定全部走陆路，而且陆上旅行实在也是很愉快的。为了使这次旅行更愉快，我的老船长又给我找了一位英国绅士为伴。此人是在里斯本的一位商人的儿子，他表示愿意和我结伴同行。后来我们又找到了两位英国商人和两位葡萄牙绅士，不过两位葡萄牙绅士的目的地是巴黎。这样，我们现在一共有六个旅伴和五个仆人；那两位英国商人和两位葡萄牙绅士为了节省开支，各共用一个听差。而我除了星期五之外，又找了一个英国水手当我路上的听差，因为星期五在这异乡客地，难以担当听差的职务。

Of, having to do with, or characteristic of the Church of England or any of the churches related to it in origin and communion, such as the Protestant Episcopal Church.

英国国教的，英国圣公会的，美国圣公会的英国圣公会或与其起源和教派有关的教派，如英国主教派教会的，与其有关的或具有其起特征的

As seen tod ay we still identify quite some of the traces of the traditional model in what are referred as school-based training, mentorship, practice-orientation, unification of pre-service education and in-service education, to mention but a few; while on the other hand, the British practices in school-based teacher training and the monitorial system are seen as representatives of the transcendent characteristics from conventions, and initiated the new perspectives in teacher education for the world to follow.

对传统的珍惜使英国人对已有的习惯具有某种难以舍弃的执拗，以致于在许多国家开始依托师范学校进行师资培养之后的很长一段时期，英国还固守着以"师徒制"为主要方式的教师在职培养，乃至今天英国教师在职教育的许多特点如"校本培训"、"良师制度"、实践取向、职前职后的"一体化"等都可以从早期的"导师制"中寻找到明显的"踪迹"；对传统的超越使英国教师的在职教育在"导生制"和"校本培训"等方面又开创了世界的"先河"。

Helen Haff: I used to go to English movies just to look at the streets Years ago, a guy I knew told me that people going to England find exactly what they're looking for.

海伦汉芙：我以前常去看英国电影，只为了看那些街道。几年前有个认识的人跟我说，大家到英国去旅游，看到的英国完完全全就是他们想看的英国。

As seen tod ay we still identify quite some of the traces of the traditional model in what are referred as school-based training, mentorship, practice-orientation, unification of pre-service education and in-service education, to mention but a few; while on the other hand, the British practices in school-based teacher training and the monitorial system are seen as representatives of the transcendent characteristics from conventions, and initiated the new perspectives in teacher education for the world to follow.

对传统的珍惜使英国人对已有的习惯具有某种难以舍弃的执拗，以致于在许多国家开始依托师范学校进行师资培养之后的很长一段时期，英国还固守着以&师徒制&为主要方式的教师在职培养，乃至今天英国教师在职教育的许多特点如&校本培训&、&良师制度&、实践取向、职前职后的&一体化&等都可以从早期的&导师制&中寻找到明显的&踪迹&；对传统的超越使英国教师的在职教育在&导生制&和&校本培训&等方面又开创了世界的&先河&。

Section One narrates Eastern India Company's trade attempt on Tibet and its plot of invasion Tibet at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, including George Bogle's mission to Tibet: collecting intelligence espionages and "the first contact with Panchen lama"; Samuel Tunner's mission and the pause of British direct contact with Tibet; Other British explorers' movement of collecting intelligence and its affection on the Raj's decision-making; Curzon and Francis Younghusband's times: Britain Empire invaded Chinese Tibet in force.

第一部分：叙述了19、20世纪之交英国&东印度公司&在中国西藏的贸易企图及侵藏阴谋。主要内容包括：博格尔使藏：收集情报活动及与班禅喇嘛的&第一次接触&；忒涅的出使与英国对藏直接联系的中止；其他英国探险者的情报收集活动对英印政府决策的影响；寇松和荣赫鹏的&时代&：英国武装侵略中国西藏时期。

This dissertation is divided into three parts as follows: Section One narrates Eastern India Company's trade attempt on Tibet and its plot of invasion Tibet at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, including George Bogle's mission to Tibet: collecting intelligence espionages and "the first contact with Panchen lama"; Samuel Tunner's mission and the pause of British direct contact with Tibet; Other British explorers' movement of collecting intelligence and its affection on the Raj's decision-making; Curzon and Francis Younghusband's times: Britain Empire invaded Chinese Tibet in force.

主要内容包括：博格尔使藏：收集情报活动及与班禅喇嘛的&第一次接触&；忒涅的出使与英国对藏直接联系的中止；其他英国探险者的情报收集活动对英印政府决策的影响；寇松和荣赫鹏的&时代&：英国武装侵略中国西藏时期。第二部分：英印政府入藏骨干分子的活动对英国西藏政策的影响。

Britain came close to being outvoted on March 16th, though it had signalled that defending its financial sector was a vital interest—as farms are to France, the City is to Britain. But Mr Brown succeeded in confirming the EU's traditional attachment to decision-making by consensus—at least where big countries are involved—even when the rules allow a majority vote.

五月十六日英国的提案差点就被投票否决，尽管英国方面已经表态说维护英国的金融部门至关重要——其意义等同于就像法国农民之于法国，伦敦金融城之于英国——但是布朗先生已经重申，欧盟传统的把一致通过作为决策依据的做法不会改变——至少在大国参与的讨论中是这样——虽然按照规定，多数票决也是可以的。

With the development of the social economy,the social security system of Britain confronted some problems ,especially the one named "the disease of Britain" which was the result of the overdoes of social welfare .

随着英国社会经济的发展，英国的社会保障制度遇到困难，尤其是社会福利过滥导致了&英国病&。20世纪70年代末以来，英国对社会保障制度进行改革。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。