苦

Objective: To establish the determination method of amygdalin in bitter almond by HPLC.

目的：建立苦杏仁中苦杏仁苷的HPLC测定方法；方法：通过单因素考察确定样品处理方法，建立 HPLC 测定方法并进行方法学考察，与药典法进行比较试验；结果：用HPLC法测定苦杏仁中苦杏仁苷含量高于药典的滴定法，方法学考察各项指标均符合要求；结论：用HPLC法测定苦杏仁中苦杏仁苷含量灵敏度高、重复性好，样品处理方法简便，可代替滴定法。

Bitter almond contains amygdalin and almond oil, amygdalin can be decomposed to benzaldehyde under acidic condition, benzaldehyde is one of the most widely used flavor in fragrance industry. Almond oil contains high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and VE, it is an advanced edible oil, also can be used in cosmetics materials.

苦杏仁含有2-4%的苦杏仁甙，苦杏仁甙在酶或酸的作用下水解后产生具有强烈的杏仁香气的苯甲醛—即苦杏仁精油的主要成分；另外，苦杏仁含有约50%左右的脂肪油，苦杏仁脂肪油含有大量不饱和脂肪酸以及VE，可直接作为高级食用油或高级化妆品的原料。

This article through the comprehensive research of extraction method and technique of Almond oil and bitter almond oil, provide theoretical basis and technological information for the processing and utilization of bitter almond. On the other hand, the best habitat of bitter almond is selected with the oil contents and fatty acid constituents and VE of almond oil, also with oil and the benzaldehyde content of bitter almond oil.

本研究通过对苦杏仁脂肪油、精油提取工艺以及提取方法的综合研究，确定苦杏仁脂肪油及精油提取的最佳工艺，为苦杏仁加工的全面性、合理性提供理论依据和技术资料，另外还通过对黄土高原不同产地苦杏仁的脂肪油以及精油含量、成分等指标的研究，优选出了苦杏仁的最佳产地，为建立苦杏仁的规模化生产基地奠定了基础。

At this point, Zhicheng finally understand that the success or failure of the original company or not, the decision-making power is not in his hand, but in the hands of Jiayi, and even in those ears in Jiayi dogleg his staff to attack the hands, if she can believe him, support him, rather than listening to other people's闲言闲语, the company is willing to fight his再苦continue.

至此，志诚终于了解，原来公司的成败与否，决定权不在他手上，而是在佳怡手上，甚至在那些在佳怡耳边攻击他的狗腿员工手上，如果她能相信他、支持他，而不是听别人的闲言闲语，公司再苦他也愿意拼下去。

Modern medicine confirmed that the B-Kudingcha acid-containing resin alcohol,蛇麻lipid alcohol, wood Kok,桷Paper-natural selenium-containing amino acids, such as more than 250 kinds of health medicinal substances, for its flavonoid content This tea味苦, sexual-ping, is the bitter food treasures (Fresh Five, are beneficial to the human body, generally at least to the bitter water, and its role is great).

现代医学证实，苦丁茶内含果酸B—香树脂醇、蛇麻脂醇、木角、桷皮素、天然硒化含物、氨基酸等250多种保健药用物质，其黄酮含量为绿茶的1.6~14.7倍，而咖啡碱含量仅为绿茶的1%。本茶味苦、性平，是苦味食品中的珍品（人食五味，皆有益于人体，一般以苦味食之最少，而其作用却很大）。

Important advance was made to Celastrus and ceangulin V after 20 years studies, but the target of Celangulin V was not verified and the metabolic dynamic of Celangulin V in organism was not touched because of the technique difficulty in testing and analysis of trace Celangulin V in organism. It will solve the difficulty that establishing the immunoassay of Celangulin V. The immunoassay of Celangulin V including the synthesis of artificial antigen, the preparation of antiserum, the immunoanalysis location of Celangulin V and the quantitative immunoassay of Celangulin V were studied systematicly in this paper.

苦皮藤素V是从卫矛科植物苦皮藤中分离出的一种具有杀虫活性的天然产物，可能作用于一类新的作用靶标。20多年对苦皮藤及苦皮藤素V的研究已取得了重要进展，但迄今还没有证实苦皮藤素V的作用靶标，对苦皮藤素V在生物体内的药代动力学研究也尚未涉及，这些方面的研究因为对痕量苦皮藤素V在生物体内分析、检测存在技术方法上的困难而受到限制，建立苦皮藤素V的免疫分析技术则可解决这些问题。

Important advance was made to Celastrus and ceangulin V after 20 years studies, but the target of Celangulin V was not verified and the metabolic dynamic of Celangulin V in organism was not touched because of the technique difficulty in testing and analysis of trace Celangulin V in organism. It will solve the difficulty that establishing the immunoassay of Celangulin V. The immunoassay of Celangulin V including the synthesis of artificial antigen, the preparation of antiserum, the immunoanalysis location of Celangulin V and the quantitative immunoassay of C'elangulin V were studied systematicly in this paper.

苦皮藤素Ⅴ是从卫矛科植物苦皮藤中分离出的一种具有杀虫活性的天然产物，可能作用于一类新的作用靶标。20多年对苦皮藤及苦皮藤素Ⅴ的研究已取得了重要进展，但迄今还没有证实苦皮藤素Ⅴ的作用靶标，对苦皮藤素Ⅴ在生物体内的药代动力学研究也尚未涉及，这些方面的研究因为对痕量苦皮藤素Ⅴ在生物体内分析、检测存在技术方法上的困难而受到限制，建立苦皮藤素Ⅴ的免疫分析技术则可解决这些问题。

Bioassay results revealed: compared with alcohol control, extracts at parameter 1, 4, 7 stimulated the absolute germination rate and potential, radicle growth, plumular axis growth, fresh weight, dry weight at different levels; extracts at parameter 2, 3 stimulated the all germination index except radicle growth and axis growth; extracts at parameter 6 stimulated all but radicle growth and fresh weight; extract at parameter 8 stimulated only the germination potential.

生物检测结果显示，与酒精对照相比：萃取参数1、4和7等条件苦楝叶提取物对杉木种子绝对发芽率、绝对发芽势、胚根长、胚轴长、鲜重和干重等发芽指标均表现出不同程度的促进作用，萃取参数2和3等条件苦楝叶提取对除胚根和胚轴外的各发芽指标起促进作用，萃取参数5条件苦楝叶提取物对除鲜重和干重外的各发芽指标起促进作用，萃取参数6条件苦楝叶提取物对除胚根和鲜重外的各发芽指标起促进作用，而萃取参数8条件苦楝叶提取物仅对绝对发芽势起促进作用。

Dukkha-Sacca: In each position we see suffering. This is dukkha vedana and sankhara dukkha, which leads to dukkha sacca.

苦谛：我们可以从每一个姿势见到苦，而所见的苦是苦苦与行苦，这两种苦可以让我们体证苦谛。

A small building into the town of La cloth Village, in a small riverside found this Guci, the temple called the newspaper "De Temple," is a Furui next to the temple and a few branches and leaves, flowers and few of the kapok tree, according to the local A Mr. Wu, the legend is that I Furui He Xiangu master Magu fight, before the villagers living in this area很苦, Magu and villagers seized on Mumian Hua, fetching water Baotang drink.

记者进入小楼镇腊布村，在一条小河边找到了这座古祠，庙名为&报德祠&，庙旁边就是一口古井和一棵枝叶不多，花朵也很少的木棉树，据当地的一位吴先生介绍，这口古井传说是何仙姑师傅麻姑打的，以前这一带村民生活很苦，麻姑就和村民捡木棉花，打水煲汤喝。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。