苏格拉底哲学

Athenian father of Western philosophy and student of Socrates, after whose death he traveled widely.

雅典父亲的西方哲学和学生的苏格拉底，经过他的逝世，他走过的比较普遍。

Aristotle fled the city to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, explaining,"I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy," a reference to Athens's prior trial and execution of Socrates.

亚里士多德逃到他母亲在卡尔基斯的家，他解释道："我不能让雅典人两次对哲学犯罪"，其中涉及到原先对苏格拉底的审判与判决。

The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates' most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethics or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy.

这种方法的发展与实践是苏格拉底最不朽的贡献之一，也是他赢得政治哲学、伦理学或道德哲学之父，西方哲学所有核心话题的破浪神之美誉的关键因素。

In the living conditions of ancient Grecian polis, the theme of philosophy study.

中文摘要：在古希腊城邦生活的背景下，哲学研究的主题开始由自然问题向人和社会问题转向，这个转向由智者开始，经苏格拉底和柏拉图，到了亚里士多德那里达到了顶峰。

With the influence of polis institution and the philosophy of Socrates, Plato inherited the thought of predecessors, and developed it.

在城邦制度和苏格拉底教育哲学的影响下，柏拉图既继承前人，又有所发展，对未成年人教育提出了自己的见解。

The principle of subjectivity plays the role of a fundamental principle in traditional western philosophy .It originates in classic Greek philosophy, particularly the thought of Protagoras and Socrates.

主体性原则是西方传统哲学的一个基本原则，这一原则萌芽于古希腊哲学，尤其是普罗泰戈拉和苏格拉底的思想。

For over 2000 years the Socrates-Plato-Hegel tradition of Western philosophy has been dominated by"metaphysics of presence"which takes the supersensory and abstract concept for the founda tion of all things.

西方自苏格拉底—柏拉图到黑格尔两千多年间的哲学追问方式，就其占统治地位的方面而言，是以超感性、超时空的抽象概念为万事万物之根底的&在场形而上学&。

Ancient philosophy is the philosophy of the Graeco-Roman world from the fifth century BC to the fourth century AD It is usually divided into four periods: the pre-Socratic period, the periods of Plato and Aristotle, and the post-Aristotelian period.

古代哲学是哲学的希腊罗马世界从公元前五世纪至公元4世纪通常分为四个时期：前苏格拉底时期，期间，柏拉图和亚里士多德，和后亚里士多德时期。

The Stoic philosophy was developed from that of the Cynics, whose Greek founder, Antisthenes, had been a disciple of Socrates.

斯多葛哲学由犬儒哲学演变而来，其希腊创始者Antisthenes，曾经是苏格拉底的门徒。

In contrast, Diogenes, one of Antisthenes most famous followers carried the cynical philosophy to its farthest extreme. Diogenes was not known merely as one of "The Dog Philosophers," his personal nickname was "The Dog" and Plato referred to him as "Socrates gone mad." He denied all physical wealth and pleasure; he lived in a barrel and his only possessions were a robe to cover himself and a walking stick. There is an antecdote of questionable historical accuracy that demonstrates the character of Diogenes: One day Diogenes was sitting on a hill next to his barrel enjoying the warm rays of the sun when he was approached by Alexander the Great. Alexander asked Diogenes if he was the infamous Diogenes of whom the Athenians had spoken. Diogenes replied that he was. Alexander asked Diogenes if it was true that he had no desire for anything. Diogenes looked up at Alexander and said that he only wanted one thing, with that he asked Alexander to move a little to one side because he was blocking the sun. After the encounter, Alexander reportedly stated that if he could be anyone other than Alexander he would want to be Diogenes. Although Diogenes' behavior was sometimes amusing, he was not well liked in Athens primarily because of his writings encouraging incest and cannibalism.

和他形成对比的是带奥珍妮丝，他最著名的一个把犬儒哲学发扬到极致的追随者，带奥珍妮丝不光被看成犬儒哲学家，他自己的外号是狗并且柏拉图称他为疯了的苏格拉底，他漠视一切身体健康和愉悦，他住在一个罐子里，所有的财产是用来遮盖自己的一挂长袍，和一只拐杖，曾有一个轶闻能够体现带奥珍妮丝的性格，尽管历史准确性存在争论：有一天带奥珍妮丝坐在小山坡上，身边是他的罐子，正在沐浴和煦的阳光，这是亚历山大王走到他的身边，亚历山大问带奥珍妮丝是不是雅典人所热论的那个声名不佳的带奥珍妮丝，带奥珍妮丝回答是，亚历山大接着问你什么东西都不想要是否属实，带奥珍妮丝抬头看看亚历山大王，说道，除了一样东西，说着，他请亚历山大挪开一点因为他挡住了他正在享受的阳光，据传言，这次邂逅以后，亚历山大说过，如果给他一个不是亚历山大的机会，他愿意成为带奥珍妮丝，尽管带奥珍妮丝所为有时趣味横生，但是他还不是很见爱于雅典人，主要是因为他的著述里面提倡乱伦和食人

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。