苏格拉底哲学

Plato had also attended courses of philosophy; before meeting Socrates, he first became acquainted with Cratylus (a disciple of Heraclitus, a prominent pre-Socratic Greek philosopher) and the Heraclitean doctrines.

柏拉图也学过哲学课程；在遇到苏格拉底之前，他首先结识了克拉底鲁并熟悉赫拉克利特的学说。

The conflicts between Protagoras and Socrates is the most important conflict of the conflicts between the Sophists and Socrates.

普罗泰戈拉和苏格拉底的冲突是智者和苏格拉底的冲突中最具哲学意义的代表。

Under the postmodernism background, the author tries to survey the development of the western philosophy by connecting the development of the western traditional reasonable philosophy in itself with philosophical crises from self-reasonable angle, therefore, the author chooses some typical and marked philosophers theories to discuss in the course of traditional reasonable philosophy, as follows the author collects the case of Socrates Descartes Kant and Hussel, meanwhile, adopts selfreason as the clue of their theories, concerns about their .philosophical ways contexts philosophical problems and philosophical trouble to reconception.

本文是在后现代思潮高涨的背景下，试图从把西方传统理性主义哲学本身的发展和西方哲学危机结合起来重新审视西方哲学的发展，通过选取在对传统理性主义哲学发展路途上具有里程碑作用的几个哲学家思想的探讨，因此我选取了苏格拉底、笛卡尔、康德、胡塞尔四位思想家的理性自我哲学，对他们的哲学方式、方法内容，由其带来的哲学问题和所面临的困境的反思，尝试着来看传统理性主义哲学到底走向何方？

The writings of the middle period include Gorgias (a consideration of several ethical questions), Meno (a discussion of the nature of knowledge), the Apology (Socrates' defense of himself at his trial against the charges of atheism and corrupting Athenian youth), Crito (Socrates' defense of obedience to the laws of the state), Phaedo (the death scene of Socrates, in which he discusses the theory of Forms, the nature of the soul, and the question of immortality), the Symposium (Plato's outstanding dramatic achievement, which contains several speeches on beauty and love), the Republic (Plato's supreme philosophical achievement, which is a detailed discussion of the nature of justice).

中期这部分的著作包括《高尔吉亚篇》(关于几个伦理问题的讨论)，《美诺篇》，《申辩》(在法庭上苏格拉底自己对于指控他无神论和腐蚀雅典青年的罪名的辩护)，《克里托篇》(苏格拉底对于顺从城邦法律所做的辩护)，《费多篇》(苏格拉底之死，他讨论了&型相论&，自然灵魂和不朽的问题)，《会饮篇》(柏拉图最突出和生动的作品，它包含几篇对于&美&和&爱&的演讲)，《理想国》(柏拉图最高的哲学成就，它详细的讨论了关于&正义&的问题)。

Socrates also created the Socratic Method , or elenchus , a type of pedagogy used to this day in philosophical teaching, in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand.

苏格拉底还创造了苏格拉底问答法，这是一种在哲学教学中沿用至今的教育学。在这种教育学中，通过对一系列的问题的提问，我们不仅能探究出个体答案，而且能够洞察到整个事件的基本原理。

Long has studied some of Epictetus' debts to Socrates elsewhere; here, he treats the connections in their methodologies. Assembling extensive texts and arguments, Long convinces this reader, at least, that Socrates' elenchus was the standard for philosophical practice that Epictetus strove to emulate in his own teaching and research. When doing so, however, Epictetus adapted it to meet the demands of his system.

朗格在其地方已经研究了埃皮科拉图对苏格拉底的借鉴，在这篇文章中，他探讨了两者在方法论上的联系，通过大量的文本和论证，他至少向读者证明了，埃皮科拉图把苏格拉底式的诡辩看成哲学实践活动的标准，并在自己的教学和研究中竭力仿效，在这么做的时候，他改造苏格拉底的诡辩，使之符合自己哲学体系的要求。

Historians of philosophy tend to him as the history of ancient Greek philosophy, a watershed in his philosophy is called before the pre-Socratic philosophy.

哲学史家往往把他作为古希腊哲学发展史的分水岭，将他之前的哲学称为前苏格拉底哲学。

The Greeks are really good at both pre-Socratic philosophy and white sculpture.

希腊确实既擅长前苏格拉底哲学又擅长白色雕塑。

It systematically investigates several impacts that Heidegger received when he was a young scholar. They include pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, Aristotelian philosophy, early Christian hermeneutic, Kant's doctrine of transcendental imagination and time as pure image, Husserl's phenomenology.

系统阐发了几条影响海德格尔的线索――前苏格拉底哲学，亚里士多德哲学，早期基督教的神学解释学，康德的先验想象力与时间纯象的学说，胡塞尔的现象学――如何造就了他的思想：。

Socratic thought along the lines of challenging conventions, especially in stressing a simplistic way of living, became divorced from Plato's more detached and philosophical pursuits but was inherited heavily by one of Socrates' older and diehard students, Antisthenes who became another originator of a philosophy in the years after Socrates' death - Cynicism.

苏格拉底沿着向传统挑战的路线思考问题--特别在强调简单化的生活方式方面—与柏拉图更加超然和哲学的追求有些脱离，但是苏格拉底的一个更老的顽固学生--安提斯泰尼深深地继承了他的思想，安提斯泰尼在苏格拉斯死了多年之后成为另一种哲学—犬儒哲学--的开创者。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。