花粉

Fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another.

花粉由一朵花的花粉囊传递到另一朵花的柱头上。

But,the natural pollen is what the person's stomach can't absorb and the natural nucleic acid also can't be absorbed as apoenzyme constituting the cell nucleus or mass.Therefore swallowing "natural pollen" is a kind of waste.

但是，天然花粉是人的胃不能吸收的，花粉中的天然核酸胃也是不能(如脱辅基酶，一种除去辅基的酶蛋白，或统称氨基酸一样地)被吸收的。

Under normal temperature (25-30℃), the process of pollen mother cell meiosis is normal; The most of chromosomes become bivalents which like "V","O","Y","X", sticks and dots, and mainly like dots,"V" and "O"; and a few of univalent (0.79% of Tainong 1 and 0 of Irwin) and multivalent (4.76% of Tainong 1 and 3.57% of Irwin) had been observed.

常温（25~30℃）条件下，花粉母细胞减数分裂过程较为正常，双线期染色体主要形成二价体，二价体构型以&V&型、&O&型、&Y&型、&X&型、点状和棒状等形式存在，并以点状、&V&型和&O&型较多见，出现少量的单价体和多价体，其中台农1号为0.79%和4.76%，Irwin为0和3.57%；同时仅在少量中期Ⅱ和后期Ⅱ花粉母细胞中观察到落后染色体。

The caudicles may dry up if the flower hasn't been visited by any pollinator and the pollina then fall directly on the stigma.

如果花没有被传粉昆虫光顾，花粉块柄会干涸，然后花粉会直接掉落到柱头上。

Pollen descriptions are given for 28 types based on pollen shape,aperture numbers and arrangement, and the ornamentation of exine.

根据花粉的萌发孔、外壁结构、外壁纹饰、形状及大小的演化趋势，讨论了各类型花粉的亲缘关系，构建了它们的系统演化路线图谱。

CaM may be involved in regulating suchevents as microspore development, pollen germination, pollen tube growth,fertilization, and substance transport during sexual plant reproduction through〓/CaM -mediated signaling pathways.

钙调素可能通过〓／CaM信号传递途径调节小孢子发育、花粉萌发、花粉管生长、受精以及物质运输等生理过程。

Result There were some differences among the four species in the morphology, the size, the surface protuberance, the germ pore of pollen grain and the leaf epidermal stomata, in which diploid Thinopyrum elongatum was obviously different from the other three.

结果］4种植物在花粉粒形态、大小、表面突起，萌发孔和叶表面气孔大小方面存在一定的差异，其中二倍体长穗偃麦草与其他3种植物的花粉粒和气孔的微观特征差异明显。

From 6860 to 3170 cal.yr BP,semi-desert steppeexpanded,regional montane forest steppe retreated,suggesting a prolonged warm and dryclimate.Between 3170 and 2340 cal.yr BP,regional forest steppe expanded whereassemi-desert steppe retreated,indicating the climate became cool and wet gradually and thehumidity reached the maximum at the end of this stage.During 2340～1600 cal.yr BP,Poaceae steppe dominated whereas wetland meadow expanded and the montane forest stepperetreated,suggesting a cool and wet climate prevailed,wormwood grass steppe prevailed andthe climatic instability increased after 1600 cal.a BEThe climate and environmental reconstructions by pollen were supported by the diatomrecords.A relative high lake level and moister climate prevailed between 8660 and 7230 cal.yr BP as inferred by the dominance of planktonic diatom genera and high planktonic/benthicratio (〉40).low lake level and dry climate sustained during 7230～2330 cal.yr BP assuggested by the low abundance of planktonic diatom and low planktonic/benthic ratio ～20and the lake returned to high level during 2330～930 cal.yr BP as inferred by there-dominance of the planktonic diatom and the high value of palnktonic/benthic ratio.The pollen-based climate reconstruction was also consolidated by the grain size andPediastrum concentration records.

Ugii Nuur湖周围现代孢粉研究表明：松属为空气传播的外来花粉，其含量变化可能指示了远山森林草原发育状况；禾本科具显著低代表性，母体植物建群时含量通常在10％以下：藜科花粉含量可以指示区域气候干旱程度。2、以现代孢粉研究为基础、可靠AMS~(14)C年代为框架，Ugii Nuur孢粉记录高分辨率地重建了蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal.yr BP以来的植被和气候变化。8660～7800 cal.yr BP研究区植被为禾草草原，湖畔及河谷低地发育苔草草甸，远山发育松属针叶林和森林草原，气候温和略湿润；其中8350～8250 cal.yr BP湿生草甸扩张，旱生植物成分减少，气候凉湿。7800～6860 cal.yr BP旱生成分增加，气候转向暖干。6860～3170 cal.yrBP半荒漠草原扩张，远山森林草原退缩，山地草原和河谷及湖畔湿生草甸退缩，气候持续暖干。3170～2340 cal.yr BP半荒漠草原退缩，远山森林草原扩张，气候转凉变湿，末期湿度条件达最佳。2340～1600 cal.yr BP禾草草原发育，湖畔及河谷低地湿生草甸扩张，远山森林草原略有退缩，气候总体较凉湿。1600 cal.yr BP以来研究区发育禾草-冷蒿草原，气候波动较大。

This study analyzed the genetic diversity of green foxtail, yellow foxtailand foxtail millet disturbed in the North of china using twelve allozyme (21 loci),such as AATS ADHS AMPS DIAS GDH.. IDHS MDHS ME~ PGD, PGI5 PGMS SKD. The test of gene flow between cultivated population of foxtail millet and its wild relative, green foxtail, was carried out in the field, using a dominant sethoxydim resistant line as a pollen donor and a population of green foxtail as a recipient.

本研究以我国北方近缘种青狗尾草为材料通过对12种等位酶（AAT、ADH、AMP、DIA、GDH、IDH、MDH、ME、PGD、PGI、PGM、SKD）共21个位点的分析研究它们的遗传多样性；以显性抗除草剂谷子种质作为花粉供体材料，以不抗除草剂青狗尾草作为花粉受体材料进行了栽培种向其主要近缘野生种基因漂移的检测研究。

This is a preliminary report on a 3-year (1962.5-1965.4)surveyor atm- mospheric pollen in shanghai with the aim to investigate the air-borne allergenic pollen which might possibly cause hay asthma .

本文为探索花粉哮喘的致敏原，初步报导了在上海地区用重量玻片法从两个取样点收集的三年(1962年5月-1965年4月)空中花粉的记录。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。