花粉

The results showed that: different concentrations of sucrose and boric acid had significant impact on pollen germination, but different concentrations of calcium had no significant impact on pollen germination. It was most appropriate for tube elongation when sugar 150 gL^(-1) and boric acid 100 gL^(-1). Lack of sucrose would lead to the accumulation of callose in top of pollen tube and hold back its growth. The distribution of callose was regular in pollen tube when the medium lacked boric.

结果表明：蔗糖、硼酸浓度间对花粉萌发有显著影响，钙浓度间对花粉萌发的促进作用不明显；蔗糖150 gL^(-1)、硼酸100 mgL^(-1)时最适宜花粉管伸长；蔗糖的缺乏会导致胼胝质在花粉管顶端积累，使其生长停滞，缺硼时胼胝质在花粉管内分布正常。

Sometimes, a few of pollen tubles could enter into styles through stigmas, but abnormal callose could deposit in the tubes.

结果表明，诸葛菜花粉很难在3种类型油菜的柱头上黏附和萌发，同时在花粉黏附的部位及其附近柱头乳突细胞内产生大量胼胝质；萌发的少量花粉粒，其花粉管生长迟缓，且发生严重扭曲、肿胀等畸形现象，从而导致其进入柱头也比较困难；少数花粉管能穿过柱头进入花柱，但时常有异常胼胝质沉积在花粉管中。

Stamens 5, usually inserted at base of corolla tube and adhering to stigma head to form gynostegium; filaments usually connate to form a tube enclosing ovaries; anthers 4-celled (Periplocoideae and Secamonoideae) or 2-celled, often with a membranous apical appendage; pollen tetrads contained loosely on a spatulate translator with a basal corpusculum, or pollen united into waxy pollinia, each attached through a caudicle to the retinaculum between adjacent anthers to form a pollinarium, pollinia 2 or 4 per pollinarium.

雄蕊5，着生于花冠筒的基部，与柱头贴生，和柱头粘生，形成合蕊柱；花丝通常合生成管包围子房；花药4室(Periplocoideae和Secamonoideae)或者2室的，通常有一膜质的顶端附属物；四合花粉松散地着生于匙形的载粉器上，具有着粉腺体，或者花粉合生成腊质的花粉块，通过花粉块柄与系接于着粉腺上，每个花药有花粉块2个或4个。

Pollen morphology of the Chinese monotypic genus Dichotomanthes and its out-group Prinsepia utilis were investigated from the point of view of pollen development. The SEM observation revealed that there is not any change in morphology and sculpture of pollen grains from the young pollen grain seperated from callose of tetraspore to the mature pollen grain in Dichotomanthes tristaniaecarpa. Only the volume of pollen grain increased with maturity.

从发育的角度研究了中国特有单种属Dichotomanthes Kurz及与其系统学研究有关的外类群Prinsepia utilis的花粉形态，扫描电镜观察显示Dichotomanthes花粉粒自脱离四分体胼胝质膜开始至成熟二核花粉粒不同发育时期，花粉形态和外壁纹饰未见变化，仅花粉体积随成熟度增加而有所增大。

On the basis of pollen analysis of surface sample in North China, polynomial function analysis method was applied to establish pollen climate response surface of Pinus, Betula, Quercus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Picea, Ephedra, Gramineae in North China, therefore an easy and applicable method for reconstructing palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment with data of fossil pollen was founded; Multi-analysis method was applied to analyse the principal elements of surface sample pollen in central Inner Mongolia Steppe, the assemblages of surface sample pollen in steppe area and its relationship with vegetation type were discussed with helps from spore-pollen analysis of a peat section in Chasuqi, Inner Mongolia and 〓C chronometer, fossil pollen data were obtained with high resolution on the peat section in Chasuqi. Vegetation succession and environmental changes since Holocene at resolution of 70 years were primarily reconstructed in south Mount Daqingshan and Plain Tumete. The changes in the area were copmared with those in the neighbouring areas during the same period. It was found that Holocene environmental change had undergone the following stages: cold-arid, temperate-wet, warm-wet, temperate-arid and cold-arid, and the climatical optimum period occurred in 5000-4100 aB.

本文在对中国北方表土花粉研究的基础上，采用多项式函数回归方法建造了中国北方松属、桦属、栎属、蒿属、藜科、菊科、云杉属、麻黄属、禾本科等的花粉——气候趋势面，从而为利用化石花粉资料直接恢复古气候、古环境提供了一种方便易行的方法；采用多元分析方法对内蒙古中部草原区表土花粉进行了主成分分析，探讨了草原区表土花粉组合的规律及与植被类型的关系；本文还应用孢粉分析方法，结合〓C测年技术，通过内蒙古中部察素齐泥炭剖面高分辨率的化石花粉数据，初步恢复了大青山山地南部及土默特平原地区分辨率为70年的全新世以来植被演替和环境变迁的状况，并与邻近地区的全新世古气候、古环境进行了对比研究，研究发现，本区域全新世古环境的变迁序列基本上可以与周围地区及华北地区进行对比，其环境变迁经历了凉干～温湿～暖湿～温干～凉干的变化，且气候最适宜期出现在5000～4100aB.P。

Based on principle of pollen abortion, utilizing tapetum of anther cell, mitochondria of tapetum, callose well, process of cell meiosis during formation process of pollen, we adopt genetic transformation to create plant male sterility, such as, exogenous cytotoxin gene, chaperones, anti-sense RNA, degradation of callose ahead of time, disturbing information intercommunion between mitochondria and nucleolus and affected development of pollen sporule by bacteria.

根据花粉败育的原理，利用花药细胞绒毡层、绒毡层线粒体、胼胝质壁、细胞减数分裂过程等花粉形成过程中的不同环节，采取外源细胞毒素基因、分子伴侣、反义RNA技术、提早降解胼胝质、扰乱线粒体与细胞核之间的信息交流和细菌影响花粉小孢子发育等策略，使花粉不能正常形成，从而产生不育花粉，达到产生雄性不育的目的。

Through comparative analysis on the pollen exine ornamentation of Lycoris we think that the pollen characters of Lycoris is relative steady and basically uniform, the shape of pollen grains are all long sphericity, all species have reticulate ornamentation, but there are large varieties between species in Lycoris on these aspects such as the pollen size , Finely reticulate ornamentation or coarsely reticulate ornamentation,psilate muri or curve muri,having spinulose or not and the spinulose position.

通过对石蒜属花粉外壁纹饰特征的比较分析，认为本属植物花粉特征较为稳定，形态基本一致，均为长球形花粉粒，花粉外壁均为网状纹饰；但在花粉大小、粗网或细网纹饰，网脊平滑或弯曲，有无小乳突或小瘤以及乳突着生部位等方面在种间有明显的变化，可以作为区分种的依据。3。

Atmospheric pollen concentrations in a particular region vary markedly in response to geographical location, vegetational component, and various meterological parameters on many different time scales. Generally, during the 24-hour day, the highest pollen concentrations are observed at daylight, the lowest values are registered at night.

不同地区受其地理位置、植物组成和气候等多种因素的影响，空气花粉种类和浓度的变化模式有所不同，一般情况，一个地区白天空气花粉浓度高，夜晚浓度低；春夏季花粉浓度高，冬季花粉浓度低；春夏季乔木类植物花粉浓度高，而秋季草本类植物花粉浓度高。

The pollen living ability declined with time prolonging and the best condition for pollination was 22~28℃and fresh pollen appearing .By means of benzidine- hydrogen peroxide reaction and aniline blue fluorescence method, showed that the stigma receptivity could teach to 12 days since flowering. Compared with self pollination, the pollen was easily adhered into sigma and the pollen tube was easily entered into style in cross pollination experiment.

通过联苯胺—过氧化氢反应法和苯胺蓝荧光法观察了柱头的可授性、花粉在柱头的黏附、萌发及花粉管的生长情况，结果表明：非洲菊柱头发育初期就具有可授性，可授期达12d ；杂交和自交相比，杂交的花粉比较容易黏附、花粉管进入柱头比较容易，二者存在花粉黏附数量和花粉管进入数量的差异。

In addition, Ca〓 ionophore A〓 impeded pollen germination and tube growth.

此外，Ca〓载离子体A〓亦抑制花粉萌发和花粉管生长，但与Verapamil和Co〓的效应不同，花粉管生长过程对A〓比花粉萌发敏感得多，表明花粉管中Ca〓极性分布对花粉管生长的重要性。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了