花粉

The microspore was more like a tetrahedron, whilethe polar was more like a triangle. The number of microspore in every anther wasbetween 2600～3600, so the amount of pollen was quite large that it was propitiousto spread and pollination. P/O was 8088 and the breed system was singleheterosexual copulatoryb. The viability of pollen was normally above 50%. The testof pollen culture showed that the viability of pollen was up to the tiptop under thehigher temperature and lower humidity (38℃,40%),while it was weakest under thelower temperature and lower humidity (16℃,40%).The OCI is 4, and the breedsystem was belong to autocopulation. If it was heterosexual copulatory, there must beintermediums for pollination. It was recorded there were more than 40 species ofinsects on the anthotaxy or followers of Malania Oleifera. Under different weather,different living environments and different plants the frequency and rush hour of theinsects to visit the followers were different. Actions of different kinds of insect werealso different. According to the results of the observation, the form of fluid and seedof Malania Oleifera mostly rely on the action of insect pollination, especially thebees.

蒜头果的花序为聚伞形花序，有小花8～10朵，小花较小；按花粉大小等级划分，蒜头果的花粉粒属于小的范围；花粉粒呈近四面体，极面为近三角形：每粒花药所含的花粉粒在2600～3600粒之间，花粉量较大，有利于花粉的传播和授粉；胚珠比值为8088，繁育系统为专性异交类型；花粉生活力一般在50％以上；在不同温度湿度条件下测得蒜头果花粉的生活力在高温低湿(38℃，40％)的条件下最高，在低温低湿(16℃，40％)的条件下最低；杂交指数值为4，繁育系统自交亲和，异交，需要传粉者；记录到的访花昆虫有40余种，访花昆虫的访花频率及高峰时间不同，不同种类的昆虫的访花行为也是各有所异；从观察的结果看，蒜头果的种实的形成大多数依赖于传粉昆虫的活动，其中主要是蜂类。

The conversion boundary of self-incompatibility was researched by sowing by stage. Sunshine of day and temperature was studied critically by investigating leafage and researching traits indoors. The results showed that the daily minimum temperature was the principal factor of affinity conversion and the affinity conversion boundary was 16.5~18.1℃.HE97 was primarily regard as self-incompatible line in this research. The method was by inbreeding and sib HE97, Half the silk of HE97 and Zheng58. Inbreeding and cross have been done simultaneously. The extending condition of pollen tube was observed by dying the silk after pollinating 4 hours. The individuals with pollen tube were observed having seeds, while the individuals without pollen tube were observed having few seeds or no seeds. So this study regard HE97 as sporophytic self-incompatibility .The planting ration of female parent HE97 and male parent 87-1 was 4:1.The nature cross-pollination was studied by the theory of endosperm xenity, the study show that the setting percentage of HE97 was 625%, in which the seed in self was 70% and the seed in hybrid was 30%. This was consistent with the study of silk anatomy structure, then come to the same conclusion: compatible pollen germination and fertilization can stimulate the self-incompatible pollen germination and fertilization in the same corn cob.

通过分期播种，进行了光温敏自交不亲和材料HE97亲和性转换区间的研究，依据田间跟踪调查叶龄及室内考种研究了HE97亲和性转换区间的光温临界值，结果表明：1日最低温度是影响HE97自交不亲和性的主要原因，亲和性转换区间在16.5℃～18.1℃之间。2通过HE97自交和姊妹交以及将HE97与郑58作为双亲，各自的花丝一分为二，分别正反交，授粉后4个小时分别取其花丝进行固定、染色，观察花粉管的伸长情况，根据结实率与花粉管伸长的对应关系，结果发现观察到花粉管的对应植株收获到了种子，而没有观察到花粉管的对应植株结实率极低或没有结实，本研究把HE97初步划为孢子体自交不亲和类型。3以HE97为母本，87-1为父本，按4母：1父行比，通过花粉直感效应研究天然异交率，结果母本HE97结实良好(62%)，其中自交粒占70%，异交粒占30%，结合花丝切片观察表明，亲和花粉的萌发及受精会导致落在同一果穗柱头上不亲和花粉的萌发不再受抑制。

The results showed that the four treatments of cytochrome c supplemented with ATP all suppressed the pollen germination and pollen tube growth, and induced nuclear DNA degradation, different treatments with different ratios of double nuclei, single nucleus, and no nuclei. Treatment with heavy concentration of ATP also restrained pollen germination and pollen tube growth, but can not induced nuclear DNA degration.

结果表明，细胞色素c和ATP混合处理的四个组合都能抑制离体花粉萌发和花粉管生长，并且引起了花粉管核DNA的降解，不同处理中双核、单核及无核花粉管所占比率存在明显差异；高浓度ATP虽能抑制花粉萌发和花粉管生长，但不能引起花粉管核DNA的降解。

When there was only one pollen donor, gene flow frequency was in direct proportion to the pollen density.(8) The strong pollen competition from self-pollination might contribute to the very low outcrossing rates and gene flow frequencies in rice varieties.(9) The study of rice pollen flow showed that with the artificial disturbance of pollen dispersal there were pollen grains detected at 90 m from the pollen sources.

9对水稻花粉流的研究显示，在赶粉的实验条件下，于远离花粉源的90 m处仍然检测到花粉分布，回归分析显示水稻的花粉可以传播100 m以上，甚至在远离花粉源的200 m的距离处仍然可能有花粉分布，这表明水稻的花粉可以传播非常远的距离。

There are three copies of R fragment in the S mt-genome, and each copy contains two closely adjacent open reading frames: orf355 and orf77. Among these three copies two BamHI fragments were cloned, and the sequence analysis showed that cox1 and cox2 gene lies upstream of the R region in each fragment, respectively. However, they locate in different strands and head to head with R. In this study, we found that:(1) The expression of cox1 and cox2 is not affected by the transcription of R region;(2) The two copies of R region transcribe in large amount in the microspores, and produce transcripts of 1.6kb and 2.8kb, respectively, in the sterile microspores; However, the abundance of these two transcripts is reduced in the fertility restored microspores, realized through the mRNA decay, and this reduction occurs at the uninucleate microspore stage;(3) In the sterile microspores, the 5 terminus of the 1.6kb transcript contains a palindrome region that can fold into a stem-loop.

本研究发现：(1) cox1和cox2的转录没有受到R区转录的影响；(2)两个拷贝的R区在在不育花粉中高丰度表达，其转录本大小分别为1.6kb和2.8kb；而在育性恢复的花粉中，这两个转录本的丰度被大大降低，进一步分析表明这一结果是通过mRNA分子的降解途径来实现的，此降解过程发生在单核花粉期；(3)在不育花粉中，1.6kb转录本的5′末端具有一段可形成茎环结构的迴文对称序列，而在可育花粉中，其5′末端短缺了9个碱基；(4)在不育花粉和育性恢复的花粉中，R区转录本的加尾位点都集中位于一个3′茎环结构之后；(5)不管是在不育花粉还是育性恢复的花粉中，orf77区域内均在第52位和100位核苷酸处发生了不同频率的C向U的编辑，从而形成UGA终止密码；(6)不管是orf55-orf77的成熟转录本还是转录前体分子，都已被加上了Poly尾巴，表明已进入降解途径；在以上实验结果的基础上，本研究对S型CMS花粉育性的恢复机理进行了如下推测：在不育花粉和育性恢复的花粉中，orf77区域内均发生了终止编辑，即由RNA编辑产生了提前终止密码子。

Based on the investigation and analysis of the Cupressus funebris seed orchard at Laoshan Island in the Qiandao Lake, Zhejiang province, the ecological characteristics of the male cone, female cone and pollen have been studied.

本文以浙江省千岛湖姥山林场柏木种子园为对象，对柏木球花及花粉的生态学特性进行了研究结果表明，柏木的雌雄球花在树冠中呈成层分布；降雨时，雄球花对花粉具有保护功能；柏木花粉体积小，重量轻，花粉量大，花粉的散发受气温、风力、相对湿度和气压的综合影响，其中气温是主导因子，风左右着花粉的传播，降雨加速花粉的沉降。

The results of studying the effects of several plant growth regulating substances on pollen germination and tube growth in pear (Pyrus serotina Rhed.) by cultivating pollens in liquid media showed that GA3,TRIA,IAA and 2,4D stimulated pollen germination and tube growth when pollen was cultivated in their lower concentration media.

采用花粉液体培养法研究了植物生长调节物质对梨花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响，结果表明：较低浓度的赤霉素、三十烷醇、吲哚乙酸及2，4-D均能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长，而超过一定浓度时却起抑制作用，最适宜于花粉萌发和花粉管生长的赤霉素浓度为50～300mg/L，三十烷醇为3～100mg/L，吲哚乙酸为5～25mg/L，2，4-D为5～10mg/L。

The degradation of pollen tube RNA in vitro by stylar S-RNase at different temperatures was performed to detect the extent of degradation using the agarose gel electrophoresis. The germination and tube growth of self-pollen and the RNA of self-pollen tube were inhibited and degraded significantly greater than cross-pollen respectively at 10℃ and 25℃, but no significant difference when the temperature rose to 35℃.

10℃、25℃时，花柱S-RNase抑制自花花粉萌发和花粉管生长的程度极显著大于抑制异花花粉的程度；花柱S-RNase降解自花花粉管RNA的程度也明显大于降解异花花粉管RNA的程度；温度升高到35℃时，自花和异花间花粉萌发和花粉管生长被花柱S-RNase抑制的程度不存在显著性差异；花柱S-RNase降解自花和异花花粉管RNA的程度也相似。

The results showed that pollen in differentfamily or genus of plant have different requirements for phytohormones.The basicmedium of pollen culture supplemented with 2ppm NAA and GA_3 can promotes thepollen germination in Cruciferae.It has been proved that basic medium supplemtedwith 2ppm IAA and GA_3 has special effect on pollen germination and elongation ofpollen tube of woody plant in Rosace...

结果证明：不同科属的植物花粉对激素的要求不同，如在花粉萌发的基本培养基上加2ppm的NAA和GA_3混合液对十字花科植物花粉有促进作用，加2ppm的IAA和GAa_3混合液对蔷薇科木本植物花粉萌发和花粉管伸长有显著效果，而葫芦科植物的花粉在基本培养基上只要有无机盐离子就可以萌发，激素仍有促进花粉萌发的作用。

It is showed that MG132 significantly reduced the germination rate and tube growth. Furthermore, MG132 treatment lead to vacuolization occurred both in tube cytoplasm and generative cell. While DMSO and non-proteasome inhibitor E-64 do not have similar effects. FTIR analysis revealed that MG132 treatment markedly reduced the contents of wall-bound proteins and pectin at the apex of tube.

结果表明：MG132显著抑制青扦花粉萌发和花粉管生长，并导致花粉管形态异常，主要表现为花粉管亚顶端出现液泡化，并且液泡随着培养时间的延长而扩大到整个花粉管，花粉管濒临死亡；而DMSO以及非蛋白酶体抑制剂E-64不产生类似结果；半薄切片结果表明，MG132处理后不仅花粉管细胞质发生液泡化，生殖细胞也发生液泡化；FTIR分析进一步表明，MG132处理后，花粉管顶端的细胞壁蛋白和果胶质含量大幅度下降。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了