花瓣化

Result］ The new buds and petals of I.germanica was proper to be used as explant of tissue culture, with lower browning rate compared with other positions. The well situated tissue block of explant (3 mm×3 mm×3 mm) might reduce browning rate. Adding 0.1%Vc or 0.3% active carbon in medium had obvious effect on preventing tissue browning. The exogenous hormone 2 mg/L 6-BA was easy to lead to brownness turning, and 2 mg/L Kt and 2 mg/L NAA brought less effect to tissue browning. When using disinfectants of alcohol, its dipping time of 5～10 s for explant was the best, with the minimum browning rate. The culture under full illumination condition was liable to induce brownness turning, compared with other cultured conditions, the brownness turning could be restrained effectively by using imitating artificial climate condition for culture.

结果］ 鸢尾的新生芽和花瓣较适宜作组织培养的外植体，与其他部位相比褐变率较低；外植体组织块适中（3 mm×3 mm×3 mm）可降低褐变率；在培养基中加入0.1%Vc或0.3%活性炭对防止组织褐化效果明显；外源激素2 mg/L 6-BA易引发褐变，2 mg/L Kt和2 mg/L NAA对组织褐变影响不大；使用乙醇消毒剂时，对外植体浸泡时间以5～10 s为佳，褐变率最低；全光照条件培养容易诱发褐变，采用仿人工气候条件培养较其他条件培养可有效抑制褐变的发生。

Clematis texensis flowers have unusual shape of an elongated jug or an egg, open at the top and made up of 4 fancifully twisted tepals. The outer side of the tepals can be anything from deep red to orange red, and the inner side is most frequently creamy yellow or pink-red but you can also find the scarlet ones. Leaves are blue-green. The plant is a climbing semi-perennial - only the base of the stems is woody. Stems reach up to 3 m and twine around the supports by leaf petioles

Clematis texensis的花有奇特的形状，有长水壶状或鸡蛋状，在顶端开花，花朵由4个反卷花瓣组成，花瓣外部从深红色到橙红色，内部一般是乳脂状的黄色或粉红色，也有鲜红色的，叶片青绿色，攀援植物，植株基部是木质化，茎长可达3米，通过叶柄缠绕支撑物生长。

The main results were showed as follows:Through screen and identification of morphology in M_2 and M_3, respectively, the mutants with mutative traits of plant were found. In which, 11 mutations were leaf variations, including light-green leaf, deep-green leaf, durative yellowish leaf, temporary yellowish leaf, inlaid yellowish leaf, wrinkly leaf, smooth-edged curly leaf, splitting-shaped curly leaf, peduncular-shaped leaf, round leaf and larger leaf, 12 were mutations on plant type, including excessive branches, lacking branches, highness, dwarf-like, erect posture, reclinate posture, strong stalk, slender stalk, tufty branches, wrinkled plant, purple stalk and hair-covered plant, 14 were flower variations, including dense flowers, light-yellow petals, white petals, white-mosaic petals, wrinkled petales, back-rolled petals, narrow petals, larger petals, smaller petals, apetalous flowers, variable-numbered petals, fertile pistil protraction, sterile pistil protraction and multi-anther, and 5 were physiologic mutants, including genic male sterile, cytoplasmic male sterile, bud-dead, and early and later bloom.

主要结果如下：通过田间M_2筛选和M_3重复鉴定，在田间农艺性状方面共获得浅绿叶色、深绿叶色、转绿黄化叶、持续黄化叶、边缘黄化叶、皱缩叶、光叶型卷叶、裂叶型卷叶、薹叶形叶、宽圆叶和大叶等11种不同的叶部性状突变体；同时还筛选到多分枝、少分枝、高杆、矮杆、株型紧凑、株型松散、粗茎、细茎、丛生分枝、整株皱缩、紫茎、整株被毛等12种植株性状突变体，密花、浅色花瓣、白色花瓣、白斑花瓣、皱瓣、卷瓣、窄瓣、大瓣、小瓣、无瓣、花瓣数目不定、可育型柱头外露、不育型柱头外露和多雄蕊等14种花器性状突变体，以及细胞核雄性不育、细胞质雄性不育、死蕾、早花和迟花等5种生理性状突变体。

The petal of Gli CMS crimples.The stamen turns into featheriness, the form of the petal , silk form or degradates. Without anther structure, the carpel, it is protruding that the outer edge grows tumour form.The growing style of stamen and pistil is the adhesion type or the scattered type. The shape of pistil is straight or hooked. The opening style of flower is full-nfolded,half-closed or full-closed.

Gli CMS的花瓣皱缩，雄蕊变为羽毛状、花瓣状、丝状或者退化；无花药结构，心皮化，周缘生有瘤状突起；雌雄蕊着生方式为粘连型，有的是散生型；雌蕊有的是直柱形，有的是钩型的；花朵开放方式为全展型、半闭型和全闭型。

In order to disscuss the compositiopn and contents of the fatty acid in peony and chinese peony flower; as well as its utilization, the methods of esterification was used to get the oil sample and composition of fatty acid were tested by gas chromato graphy.

采用脂肪酸甲酯化的方法获得油样，用气相色谱法对牡丹和芍药花瓣中的脂肪酸组成进行定性和定量测定，并分析了牡丹和芍药不同时期花瓣中脂肪酸组分和含量的变化。

The results indicated that the water or 50% ethanol extracts from peonies petals could reduce light absorption of DPPH and OH initiated hydroxylation of salicylate, and inhibit O2(superscript -) mediated light chemical reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium effectively, and lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty from yolk lipoprotein, in which DPPH scavenging activities of 6 peonies water extracts were hinger than that of 200 μg/mL BHT, but lower than 80 μg/mL Vc. In 4 kinds of detecting systems of antioxidation, the peroxidation activity of deep colored flowers of peonies was higher than that of light colored flowers of peonies.

牡丹花瓣提取液能明显抑制卵黄组织匀浆的脂质过氧化作用，降低DPPH的吸光值、抑制O2介导的NBT光化学还原及OH作用下的水杨酸羟基化作用，其中牡丹花瓣提取液清除DPPH自由基的活性高于200μg/mL BHT，但低于80μg/mL Vc.6个品种的牡丹花瓣提取液，在4种测定系统中均具有一定程度的抗氧化能力，且水提取液的抗氧化活性略高于体积分数50%乙醇提取液，深色花瓣提取液对不同自由基的清除能力较强。

The enlarged showy calyx-lobes in Mussaenda are good examples. The calyx-lobes, so called calycophylls, are mostly leaf-shaped, but have bright color, papillate epidermis, and loose mesophylls, features generally only found in petals. In higher eudicots, floral organs are typically arranged in four different whorls, namely sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

自然界中有钗h植物以一整个花序替代一朵花作为传粉的单位，而在这样的花序中常常会有某些构造花瓣化来替代原来花瓣的弁遄C玉叶金花是一个非常有趣的例子，这一属的植物常具有膨大的花萼裂片，其形状类似叶子但多具有鲜艳色彩，且细胞形态及细胞排列均相当类似於花瓣，在弁鄐W一般均认为与花瓣无异。

A side small leaf shape has the entire reason, the circle obtuse, incisive, the stern wave standard, the edge whirls around the male trunk and branches, the dragon tune do not be vigorous.

雄蕊相应减少或稍有瓣化，雌蕊正常；在演进过程中同样有雌蕊瓣化现象，有的子房不变，仅柱头稍有变化；有的子房和柱头均发生变化，变成花瓣形状。

A side small leaf shape has the entire reason, thecircle obtuse, incisive, the stern wave standard, the edge whirlsaround the male trunk and branches, the dragon tune do not bevigorous.

雄蕊相应减少或稍有瓣化，雌蕊正常；在演进过程中同样有雌蕊瓣化现象，有的子房不变，仅柱头稍有变化；有的子房和柱头均发生变化，变成花瓣形状。

According to the distribution feature of floral envelope, the distance between petals to calculate translucent shadow distribution was used. 3-D space question was changed to 2-D space question thought many times mapping and many buffer zone.

花瓣的间距基于图像空间实现，通过多次投影将三维空间的运算转化为二维问题，使用多缓冲区记录花瓣间的关系，最终实现半透明花朵的可视化三维图形。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。