航海

To oversee all the details yourself in person; to be at once pilot and captain, and owner and underwriter; to buy and sell and keep the accounts; to read every letter received, and write or read every letter sent; to superintend the discharge of imports night and day; to be upon many parts of the coast almost at the same time -- often the richest freight will be discharged upon a Jersey shore;-- to be your own telegraph, unweariedly sweeping the horizon, speaking all passing vessels bound coastwise; to keep up a steady despatch of commodities, for the supply of such a distant and exorbitant market; to keep yourself informed of the state of the markets, prospects of war and peace everywhere, and anticipate the tendencies of trade and civilization -- taking advantage of the results of all exploring expeditions, using new passages and all improvements in navigation;-- charts to be studied, the position of reefs and new lights and buoys to be ascertained, and ever, and ever, the logarithmic tables to be corrected, for by the error of some calculator the vessel often splits upon a rock that should have reached a friendly pier -- there is the untold fate of La Perouse;-- universal science to be kept pace with, studying the lives of all great discoverers and navigators, great adventurers and merchants, from Hanno and the Phoenicians down to our day; in fine, account of stock to be taken from time to time, to know how you stand.

亲自照顾一切大小事务；兼任领航员与船长，业主与保险商；买进卖出又记账；收到的信件每封都读过，发出的信件每封都亲自撰写或审阅；日夜监督进口货的卸落；几乎在海岸上的许多地方，你都同时出现了似的；——那装货最多的船总是在泽西岸上卸落的；——自己还兼电报员，不知疲倦地发通讯到远方去，和所有驰向海岸的船只联络；稳当地售出货物，供给远方的一个无餍足的市场，既要熟悉行情，你还要明了各处的战争与和平的情况，预测贸易和文明的趋向；——利用所有探险的成果，走最新的航道，利用一切航海技术上的进步；——再要研究海图，确定珊瑚礁和新的灯塔、浮标的位置，而航海图表是永远地改而又改，因为若计算上有了一点错误，船只会冲撞在一块岩石上而至于粉碎的，不然它早该到达了一个友好的码头了——，此外，还有拉·贝鲁斯的未知的命运；——还得步步跟上宇宙科学，要研究一切伟大的发现者、航海家、探险家和商人，从迦太探险家饭能和腓尼基人直到现在所有这些人的一生，最后，时刻要记录栈房中的货物，你才知道自己处于什么位置上。

The nautical techniques of Zheng He's fleet and Columbus' fleet, including their taking a ship's bearings, celestial navigation, meteorology and knowing wind, manipulating sail and using wind, compass and it's rose, nautical chart and map, log and measuring speed, sounding channel and so on, had reached the highest level in the sail time.

郑和船队和哥伦布船队的航海术，包括测定船位术、天体导航术、气象识风术、操帆驶风术、罗盘罗经术、海图地图术、计程测速术、航道探察术等等，都达到了帆船时代迄当时为止最高的水平。由于哥伦布的远航比郑和远航晚了八十多年，故哥伦布的航海术较之郑和又前进了一步。

Control in 2 years about, snail research and development " nautical century " the message begins diffuse to come out, at that time, as nautical lover, really the excitement that feels from the bottom of one's heart and touch.

大约在02年左右，蜗牛研发《航海世纪》的消息开始散播出来，当时，作为航海爱好者，真是感到由衷的兴奋与感动。

In this papers according to Harmer's Three Elements Theory and the requirements bo teaching in navigation English teaching practice, the author puts forward the feasibility of the cooperative language teaching in classroom teaching practice. By combining with the reality on asmmetry of the knowledge structures of the teachers and students the author also analyzes the advantages of it dining the navigation English study.

本文根据英国英语教学专家Harmer关于成功外语课堂教学的三个基本要素的理论，和航海专业英语教学对教师提出的要求，结合航海专业英语教师知识结构非对称性的问题，以及在进入航海专业英语教学阶段后，学生自身知识结构非对称性的实际，提出了航海专业英语合作式课堂教学法的设想。

The construction of the international shipping center, besides offering advanced hardware facilities, the soft environment of the high-quality, high-efficient, security is the condition that an international shipping center must possess too, and the good water traffic safety order is an extremely important condition of soft environment in an international shipping center construction, in order to adapt to the construction of the international shipping center of Shanghai, port unit like customs , frontier unit put into a large amount of manpower and materials and the soft environmental constructions related to international shipping center in succession, meanwhile, to ensure the work to put forward the new request of Shanghai Maritime Affairs Bureau who is responsible for Shanghai harbor water traffic safety supervision management and boat policy management, in order to adapt to the construction of fast-developing international shipping center of Shanghai, it is immanency to research and construct and implement of boat policy to develop the high-capacity and high-technology patrol ships.

国际航运中心的建设除了提供先进的硬件设施以外，优质、高效、安全的软环境也是国际航运中心必须具备的条件，而良好的水上交通安全秩序是国际航运中心建设软环境中一个极其重要的条件，为适应上海国际航运中心的建设，口岸单位象海关、边防等单位相继投入大量的人力物力建设与国际航运中心相配套的软环境设施，与此同时，对作为上海港水上交通安全监督管理主管机关的上海海事局的航政管理、航海保障工作提出了新的要求，为适应快速发展的上海国际航运中心的建设，研究开发和建设实施航政管理、航海保障任务主要手段的高性能和高技术含量的巡逻船舶在当前显得十分迫切。

However, his summer course included ancient history, which Papa felt our schools neglected, and navigation, in which we first had a formal examination in the dining room, part of which consisted of tying several knots in a given time limit. Then we were each separately sent on what was grandly referred to as a cruise in my father's 18-foot knockabout.

然而，他的暑期班的课程包括希腊及罗马文明史，爸爸觉的我们的学校忽略了这课程。，还有航海，我们第一次有关航海的正式考试是在饭厅进行的，我们必须在限定的时间内栓几个结，然后我们是分开地被送到我的父亲的18英尺船上。

On the basis of reviewing the the ...更多 ory and practice about navigational semi-military management,the article first discoursed learnedly on the semi-military management mode of navigation institutions around the world;and made a deep anatomy in the main content,similarities and differences of china and america marine major's noral education;than careful analysised the existing problems of our country navitation semi-military management mode and pionted out the necessity of Setting up a new semi-military management system.

准军事化管理工作有其自身的特点和规律，当前航海类专业准军事化管理相对于航运业的发展有一定的滞后性，本文在回顾总结我国高等航海院校准军事化管理理论与实践的基础上，通过对世界同类院校准军事化管理模式比较研究，分析我国航海类专业管理模式的不足及实行新型准军事化管理模式的必要性，并提出了新型准军事化管理模式。

navigation ; vacational teaching ; systematicall application ; navigation simulator

由此可见，航海职业院校采用航海模拟器教学是航海教育国际化发展的需要。

To avoid the collision accidents of ships at sea, with the universalizing and application of computer, and the development and maturity of the technology of Expert System and Artificial Intelligent, this paper developed an intelligent collision avoidance expert system for navigation. The main research work centers on several aspects, which will be represented as below:By the navigation rules" understanding and analyzing, and by the navigation experience and navigation samples" collecting and trimming, we put forth and build a multi-unit and layering KB systematic structure, and implement the KBM. According to features of different knowledge, we adopt multifarious KR, such as: frame KR, production rule KR, procedure KR. We also build a multi-inference system, which based on analog inference, forward illation inference, conversion inference and meta-rule inference. At the same time, we develop each reasoning algorithm. For some problems in collision avoidance region during the building of the expert system, we put forth and build a set of models to solve them using neural network technology.

为了避免船舶间碰撞事故的发生，结合计算机技术在各类船舶中的普及与应用、专家系统技术及人工智能技术的发展、成熟，本文研制、开发了一种具有一定智能的航海避碰专家系统，主要内容包括以下几个方面：通过对航海规则的理解与分析，对航海经验、航海实例的搜集、整理，提出并建立起了航海避碰专家系统的多元分层知识库体系结构，并实现了知识库的管理；根据不同知识的特点，分别采用了框架、产生式规则、过程等多种知识表示方法；提出了一种基于类比推理、正向演绎推理、换位推理及元级推理等的多种推理机制，并建立起了相应的推理算法；引入神经网络技术，针对在建立专家系统过程中所遇到的有关避碰领域内的一些难题，提出并建立了相应解决问题的模型，其中包括：船舶类型的识别，会遇态势的分类及避碰危险的评估。

The problem of precision of transferred position line and running fix is discussed in the textbook Navigation in marine instilutes.

关于转移船位线和移线定位的精度问题，在航海院校的教材《航海学》（文献［1］、［2］、［3］）中都有论述，它们都是根据前苏联乌霍夫教授在他编著的《航海学》（文献［4］）中提出的观点来论述的。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。