舍入误差

To analyze the rounding error of calculator floating-point numbers arithmetic operation is the foundation of numerical calculation method's error analysis.

对计算机浮点数算术运算的舍入误差进行分析，是对数值计算方法作误差分析的基础。

Generally, it is important to estimate and control round-off errors arising from the use of floating point arithmetic.

一般来说，重要的是要估计和控制舍入误差的使用中出现的浮点运算。

When scaled factor circulant matrices are nonsingular, we can find the single solution of the scaled factor circulant matrix equation; When scaled factor circulant matrices are singular, we can find the special as well as the general solution of the scaled factor circulant matrix equation; There is only an error of approximation when the fast algorithm is implemented on computers, and only the elements in the first row of the scaled factor circulant matrix and the constants in the diagonal matrix are needed by the fast algorithm.

当鳞状因子循环矩阵非奇异时，该快速算法求出线性方程组的唯一解；当鳞状因子循环矩阵奇异时，该快速算法求出线性方程组的特解与通解。该快速算法仅用到鳞状因子循环矩阵的第一行元素及对角矩阵中的对角上的常数进行计算。在计算机上实现时只有舍入误差。

A combined Gauss main-element elimination method with compress-storage technique is proposed, which with the characteristic of less-storage requirement, small rounding off and high stability, and solved the problem of large storage requirements in solving large linear algebraic equations in river networks hydraulics

提出了压缩存贮形式的Gauss列主元消去法，该方法具有存贮量小、舍入误差小、数值计算稳定的特点，在一定程度上解决了河网水力计算问题中关于众多线性方程组的存贮及其求解过程中可能面临的困难。

All theorems about the upper limit of a rounding error, including that of epsilon, refer only to the 'rounding' operation, nothing more.

关於舍入误差上限，包括精度的所有理论，都只考虑'舍入'操作，不考虑其它。

The corresponding least-squares solution with minimum norm can be also obtained by choosing a kind of special initial matrices.

在不考虑舍入误差的情况下，对任意的初始矩阵都可以在有限步计算出它们在给定矩阵集合中的一个最小二乘解，若选取特殊的初始矩阵，则可以得到相应的最小范数最小二乘解。

Because some simplified formulas concerned the establishment of model, the error of numerical value calculation and some accidental errors in actual produce, simulated result and experiment data can have the deviation.

因为模型的建立涉及到一些公式的简化、数值计算中的舍入误差以及电池实际制作中的一些偶然误差，所以模拟结果与实验数据会有偏差。

Note that both arithmetic and non-arithmetic operations might also produce others "non-rounding" errors, such as underflow/overflow, division-by-zero or 'operation errors'.

注意，算术操作和非算术操作都可能产生其它"非舍入"误差，例如下溢/上溢，除 0，或'操作误差'。

As one key part, the effects caused by rounding error are analyzed mathematically and it is concluded that the effects can be degraded by an appropriate selection of coefficients in the iteration formula.

然后分析了该算法量化误差中的舍入误差所带来的影响，并提出该误差可以通过对迭代方程中的系数进行合适取值来降低。

Secondly, when kalman filter has reached steady state its error covariance will have a very small stationary value, namely filter dropping off'. Thirdly, the traditional kalman filter cannot adjust its filter parameters with statistic characteristic of the noise. To overcome the deficiency of kalman filter, an SVD-based adaptive kalman filter is put forward in the paper. The filter restrains the filter divergence by matrix singular value decomposition. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix are insensitive to tiny change of matrix element and acceptable error.

然而，传统的卡尔曼滤波器存在以下问题：问题一，因噪声统计特性估计不准确和计算机舍入误差引起的滤波发散现象；问题二，在卡尔曼滤波器达到稳态时，其误差方差阵将饱和使其对信号的突变变得不敏感，问题三，传统的卡尔曼滤波器对滤波参数无自适应能力，不能随着噪声统计特性的改变而调整自身的滤波参数。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。