自由贸易主义

Based on thoroughly research, the author draws some following conclusions:(1) the origin of new bilateralism in Asia-Pacific is that each country altered its trade policy to maximize its gains from trade when they faced common external shocks, which is not only to satisfy the restrains of internationally political and economic environments but also to help each government to balance internal political economy when they implement trade liberalization;(2) it has been a common trade policy for each country in Asia-Pacific to set up bilateral trade agreements as soon as possible and as much as possible to obtain hub position in the network of bilateralism;(3) with the inevitable spread of bilateralism, China, as a developing large trade economy, should take first start to guide a favorable process of regional economic integration depending on its booming economy, large domestic market, cheap labor price and abundant natural resources in aim to get much more benefits and advantages.

经过笔者研究，《亚太新双边主义的政治经济学分析》一文得到如下结论：其一，亚太新双边主义的兴起是20世纪末亚太地区各经济体在面临外部冲击的情况下，权衡内部政治经济，选择在当前国际政治经济环境的约束下能够最大化自身利益的贸易政策的必然结果；其二，尽可能快尽可能多地签订双边自由贸易协定，谋求新双边主义中的"轮轴国"地位已经成为各经济体今后较长时间内对外贸易政策的共识；其三，区域经济一体化中的新双边主义趋势已经不可避免，中国作为发展中的贸易大国，应该凭借不断增长的经济、广阔的国内市场、廉价的国内劳动力和丰富的国内资源，发挥先发优势，谋求以我为主的区域经济一体化进程，争取有利的战略地位和更多的利益。

For every rational businessperson reassured by the fact that Mr Obama has appointed economically literate free traders, there will be a union leader moaning that a bunch of Clintonian retreads will never deliver the change America needs.

一批懂经济又崇尚自由贸易的人向每个理性商人提供了保证，而也会有工会领袖叹息一群克林顿主义的人改头换面根本无法实现美国需要的改变。

A British version of Gaullism, on the Fillon free-trade-friendly definition, might find a ready market.

根据菲永有利于自由贸易的定义，英国版本的戴高乐主义可能会让人乐于接受。

Quesnay (from whom the idea of universal free trade originated)was the first who extended his investigations to the whole human race, without taking into consideration the idea of the nation. He calls his work 'Physiocratie, ou du Gouvernement le plus avantageux au Genre Humain,' his demands being that we must imagine that the merchants of all nations formed one commercial republic.

首先把研究扩展到全人类、不以国家概念为考虑对象的是魁奈，普通自由贸易这个概念也是从他开始的，他把他自己所写的那本书命名为《重农主义，或最有利于人类的支配力量》，他要求我们必须具有这样的想法：所有各个国家的商人是处于一个商业联邦之下的。

So this Chapter will compare Regulatory Freedom Theory under statism with Efficient Market Theory and Trade Stakeholder Theory under individualism, and considers which theory shall be adopted by the WTO for future development.

因此，本章将比较国家主义下管制自由论和个人主义下有效市场论以及贸易利益相关者理论，根据三种理论产生的时代背景以及WTO的性质，考量WTO在未来的发展中应采取的理论模式。

In England mercantilist policies were effective in creating a skilled industrial population and a large shipping industry.

斯密在他的著作中抨击了重商主义，他提倡自由贸易和开明的经济政策。

Sixty-three years later, in a television debate on the North American Free-Trade Agreement, Al Gore, then vice-president, even presented his unamused anti-NAFTA opponent, Ross Perot, with a framed photograph of the pair.

斯穆特成了那个时代经济孤立主义的象征。63年之后，在一次关于北美自由贸易协定的电视辩论中，时任副总统的戈尔甚至把这两人的装裱画像展示给反北美自由贸易协定的竞争对手罗斯？

Its sponsors—Willis Hawley, a congressman from Oregon, and Reed Smoot, a senator from Utah—have come to personify the economic isolationism of the era. Sixty-three years later, in a television debate on the North American Free-Trade Agreement, Al Gore, then vice-president, even presented his unamused anti-NAFTA opponent, Ross Perot, with a framed photograph of the pair.

法案提议者，俄勒冈州国会议员威利斯霍利和犹他州参议员里德斯穆特成了那个时代经济孤立主义的象征。63年之后，在一次关于北美自由贸易协定的电视辩论中，时任副总统的戈尔甚至把这两人的装裱画像展示给反北美自由贸易协定的竞争对手罗斯佩罗看，当然佩罗不觉得好笑。

George Thomas Staunton's legend China experiences is one of British overseas colonizes exploration representative personages in 19th century initial period, this thesis penetrates to the description of his biography key activities, besides the supplement formerly Chinese scholar's insufficiency which studied about him, the author hoped take him as an example, further contacted some more important fields, like Europeans outside the territory exploration, philosophical history, the British free trade ideological trend and East India Company, the British views on China after Macartney Embassy, the Orientalism, the anthropology research, the China and the West culture impact and so on questions, hoped could evoke more discussions.

斯当东传奇性的中国经历是19世纪初期英国海外殖民探险的代表人物之一，本论文透过对其生平重要活动的描绘，除补遗先前中文学界对此人研究的缺漏外，笔者希望以其为例，进一步触及较重要的层面，如欧人域外探险、「历史哲学」史观、英国自由贸易思潮与东印度公司、马戛尔尼使团后英人的中国意象、东方主义、人类学研究、中西文化冲击等问题，希能引发学界更多的讨论。

"Protectionists use the trade deficit as a shorthand criticism of free trade policy," he said.

&贸易堡垒主义以贸易逆差来反对自由贸易政策，&他说：他们试图说服工人和家庭因自由贸易而受到了不公平的待遇。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。