自由意志

Libertarianism, therefore, cannot provide an adequate account of moral responsibility because it is a theory in which decisions are not caused by the central mechanisms of the personality.

在意志自由论看来，人们的决定不是由其人格核心机制产生的。所以，意志自由论无法对道德责任做出充分解释。

Go therefore, half this day as friend with friend Converse with Adam, in what Bowre or shade [ 230 ] Thou find'st him from the heat of Noon retir'd, To respit his day-labour with repast, Or with repose; and such discourse bring on, As may advise him of his happie state, Happiness in his power left free to will, [ 235 ] Left to his own free Will, his Will though free, Yet mutable; whence warne him to beware He swerve not too secure: tell him withall His danger, and from whom, what enemie Late falln himself from Heav'n, is plotting now [ 240 ] The fall of others from like state of bliss; By violence, no, for that shall be withstood, But by deceit and lies; this let him know, Lest wilfully transgressing he pretend Surprisal, unadmonisht, unforewarnd.

你们去，用半天工夫，像跟老朋友一样，和亚当交谈，在他的幽栖处，或在树荫下，在他午休的时候找他。在谈话中要启发他是正享受着幸福，他的幸福是享受意志的自由，他的意志虽然是自由的，但不够坚定；警戒他，不要太大意，陷入邪道；告诉他，他的危险因谁而来，现在有怎样的敌人从天而降，阴谋拉别人下水，和他一样从幸福的境地坠落下去。不，他用暴力，因为那是容易防范的；他用的是欺骗和谎言。这一点要说清楚，让他知道，免得他犯了天条而藉口没有预先警告，未加防范。

In addition, making use of the Anselmian distinction of two affections: affection for advantageous and affection for justice, and of the Aristotelian distinction between rational and irrational potencies as well, Scotus comes to define the will as rational free potency, and freedom is steadfastness, a whole-hearted commitment to and pursuit of the good, or the capacity to love a chosen object more deeply, with an intensity which deepens the commitment to that object.

此外，董思高还应用圣安瑟莫尔对种情绪的分析：「为的情绪」和「为正义的情绪」，他也运用亚斯多德的性和非性的潜能之区分，然后达到意志和自由的定义：意志是一个性的和自由的潜能；自由就是诚心诚意的承和追随善事，那麼自由就是「远自然的自由」到「为价值的自由」。

If subjecting himself to his own observation, a man perceives that his will is always controlled by the same law (whether he observes the necessity of taking food, or of exercising his brain, or anything else), he cannot regard this never-varying direction of his will otherwise than as a limitation of it. If it were not free, it could not be limited.

假如人在观察自己的时候，他看出他的意志总是按同一法则活动（他观察吃饭的必要性或者头脑的活动，或者观察任何别的现象），他不能不把他的意志总是沿着同样的方向活动看作意志的限制，如无自由，则无限制可言。

The civil procedural reform, which begins from 1980s of last century, has been carrying out for more than twenty years. The clients' freedom has more and more obtained the respect in the civil procedure and their common meanings have gradually entered the civil procedure. The tendency of the contractual civil procedure appears day by day.

从上个世纪八十年代开始进行的民事司法改革以来，当事人的自由意志在民事诉讼中越来越得到尊重，当事人之间的合意逐渐融入民事诉讼中，民事诉讼法发展的契约化趋势日益显现出来。

B.F. Skinner: Because the external influences which had pervaded its sensorium from birth had caused it to develop in such a fashion that it would tend to cross roads, even while believing these actions to be of its own free will.

史金纳：外来影响力在鸡诞生时便已渗入其感觉中枢，并使它朝特定方向发展，具有过马路的天生倾向。它甚至会相信自己这麽做是出自自由意志。

B.F. Skinner: Because the external influences which had pervaded its sensorium from birth had caused it to develop in such a fashion that it would tend to cross roads, even while believing these actions to be of its own free will.

史金纳：外来影响力在鸡诞生时便已渗入其感觉中枢，并使它朝特定方向发展，具有过马路的天生倾向。它甚至会相信自己这麼做是出自自由意志。

China should also continue to develop, generally speaking, the Chinese people actually very poor, essentially, still a slave state of the economy than the political slavery Although much progress, but still far away from the very state of free will.

中国还要继续发展，普遍地说，中国人实际上还很穷，目前基本上还处于经济奴隶的状态，比政治奴隶状态虽大有进步，但离自由意志状态还遥远得很。

Miss Tsai Han-chieh presented the second report on Opening skinner's box . The author of the book was Lauren Slater. It introduced several classic experiments conducted by scholars of behavior psychology, including classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner. Skinner held the opinion that human behavior is the result of environmental forces. He did not believe in free will of human beings. This had caused great controversy.

第二场由蔡函洁小姐报告《打开史金纳的箱子》，作者为Lauren Slater，介绍心理学行为学派学家所进行的数项经典实验，包括Pavlov的古典制约与Skinner的操作制约；而Skinner认为人类的行为是环境影响下的结果，否认人类具有自由意志，引发不小的争议。

Ouse:Loss of free will, I like it.

OUSE：自由意志缺失，我喜欢。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。