自由

"My guidepost in US-Cuba policy is going to be how can we encourage Cuba to be respectful of the rights of its people, freedom of political speech, political participation, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom of travel," Obama said in Mexico.

"我的路标美古巴的政策将是我们如何能够鼓励古巴是尊重人民权利的，自由的政治言论，政治参与，宗教自由，新闻自由，自由旅行，"奥巴马说在墨西哥。

This dissertation will analyze the possibility, necessity, and feasibility of implementation of the establishment of EAFTA, and then present the establishment model based on "10+3" mechanism, namely taking ASEAN as an intermediator to establish ASEAN—China, ASEAN—Japan - ASEAN—South Korea, on the basis of which to integrate China, Japan, South Korea and the ten countries of ASEAN to establish "10+3" FTA, finally leading to the buildup of EAFTA.

本文将分析建立东亚自由贸易区的可能性、必要性以及实施的可行性，并提出建立东亚自由贸易区的路径，即采用"10+3"模式，以东盟为中间人建立"东盟-中国"，"东盟-日本"，和"东盟—韩国"自由贸易区，再以此为基础，建立"10+3"模式，并最终建立整个东亚自由贸易区。

The present thesis adopts Iseult Honohan's six basic elements of republicanism as a theoretical framework for the study of Jefferson's conception of republicanism, which is the theoretical basis of his conception of the ward system:(1) Jefferson's conception of virtue, characterized by his optimism about the universality of the moral sense and the people's capacity of self-government;(2) Jefferson's conception of freedom, characterized by his synthesis of both negative liberty and positive liberty;(3) Jefferson's criterion of the republican government and the scope of the republic, characterized by his synthesis of both participation and representation;(4) Jefferson's conception of the shaping of republican citizens, characterized by the synthesis of school education and active participation in public affairs;(5) Jefferson's conception of the material preconditions of the republic, characterized by his primary concern for the economic independence and political freedom of both the individual and the nation.

杰斐逊的共和主义思想是他的分区制度构想的理论基础。论文首先采用Iseult Honohan 的"共和主义基本要素"作为理论框架，从以下五个方面对杰斐逊的共和主义思想进行研究：(1)道德观，主要特点体现为对道德意识的普遍性和人民的自治能力持乐观态度；(2)自由观，主要特点体现为消极自由与积极自由相结合；(3)共和政府的标准以及共和国的范围，主要特点体现为人民直接参政与代议制相结合；(4)塑造共和公民，主要特点体现为学校教育与积极参与公共事务相结合；(5)共和国的经济基础，主要特点体现为对个人与国家的经济独立与政治自由的关注。

Based on elucidating the definition of discretion of Judger and it's regulation meaning, the author firstly analyzed the necessity of discretion of the judge: the recapitulation and universality of law, the lag and limit of law, the judgement of judicature, all requiring discretion to some extent; then the author analyzed the logic and path from which the rent-seeking applied to the discretion of the judge, and pointed out that the technicality of justice was the premise of rent-seeking for the discretion of judge while Principal-Agent theory was an important cause for rent-seeking.

摘 要：在阐释法官自由裁量权及其规制蕴含意义的基础上，首先分析了其应然性：法律的概括性与普遍性、法律的滞后性与局限性、司法的判断性都要求一定程度的自由裁量权；接着分析了寻租理论适用于自由裁量权的逻辑与路径，指出司法的专门性是自由裁量权寻租的前提条件，而委托代理理论是权力寻租的重要原因。

This logical paradox proves that, institutionalization of freedom of press and economic freedom alone cannot guarantee the realization of the ideal goal of the liberalist theory. It is in this very paradoxical situation that related structural categories which influence journalism have, through struggle and compromise under the same mainstream ideology, caused the institutionalization of editing-management separation system and the underpinning journalism professionalism which protects the freedom of news production from market interferences, thus realizing to some degree the freedom of press.

逻辑悖论证明，仅仅有新闻自由、经济自由的正式制度，并不能达致自由主义报刊理论的理想目标；恰恰在此悖论中，影响新闻业的相关结构性范畴在共同的主流意识规约下经过博弈和妥协，达成编营分离制度安排以及作为编营分离制度支撑的新闻专业主义，阻抗了市场力量对新闻生产自由的控制，一定程度上确保了言论出版和新闻自由的实现。

To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republic that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation, and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state, as far as sentiments, and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource with can not fail me.

珍惜和平以及同所有有交往意向的国家的友好交往；对交战各国保持真正中立；在任何情况下，优先考虑以友善的讨论和理性来处理异议，而非通过武力来做出决定；排除外国阴谋和外国偏颇，这些对所有国家都造成堕落，对自由国家更为有害；培养一种独立的精神，其之公正不会侵犯他人权利，其之自豪不会丢弃自身权利，其之宽大不使我们自己纵养不值的偏见，其之高尚使我们蔑视他人的这些偏见；把众州的联合保持为众州和平和幸福的基础，拥护作为联邦链结的宪法，不论是其限制或权力；尊重保留给各州和人民的权利，因为它的重要性把它平等地纳入联邦总体的成功之中；避免最轻微的对良知权利和宗教功能的干涉，这些在民事裁判中豁免；代表私人和个人的权利以及媒体自由，以其全部的能量来保留其它相关有益条款；在公共花费中坚持节约；通过偿还公共债务来解放公共资源；在必要的限度下保持一支常备军，时刻要记住武装并训练过的民兵才是共和国的中流砥柱，即是，没有常备军他们的自由从未有危险，而有了一支庞大军队也未必安全，通过授权的手段来发展有益于农业，制造业，对外和对内的商业，以适当的方式支持科学的发展和信息的传播来作为真正自由的最好食粮；执行善意的计划以把我们的土著邻居从，野蛮生活的低贱和不幸中转化到参加入一个文明国家内人的思维，和举止都倾向的改良中--只要如此的思想，和意图能辅助我职责的履行，它们将成为不使我失败的资本。

To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics——that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state——as far as sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource which can not fail me.

我认为应珍视与所有志同道合的国家的和平相处和友好往来；对所有交战国则保持真诚的中立；在任何情况下，对分歧都应采取友善的协商和理智的调停，而不能诉诸武力加以解决；来自国外的种种阴谋诡计和对外国的偏袒不公，对任何国家来说都是卑下可鄙的，对自由国家则更是危害非浅，故应予以摒弃；要培育一种独立的精神，这种精神非常公正而不会侵犯他人的权利，非常自尊而不会放弃我们自己的权利，非常开明而不耽溺于我们自己毫无价值的偏见，非常高尚而必然鄙弃他人抱有的偏见；要把各州的团结作为我们和平与幸福的基础；要拥护作为联邦凝聚剂的宪法，不仅维护它的权威，而且遵从它的限制；要尊重保留给各州和保留给人民的各项权利和权力，这对整个制度的成功同样休戚相关和不可或缺；信仰的权利和总价的功能已然明智地排除在民事管辖的范围之外，故应避免加以丝毫的干涉；要维护旨在保障私人权利、人身权利和出版自由的其他有益规定的全部活力；政府开支要厉行节约；要通过光荣地清偿公债以调动公共资源；要把常备军事力量控制在必要的限度以内，应时刻牢记，一支训练有素的武装民兵便是所有共和国最坚强的堡垒，没有常备军，他们的自由决不至于陷入危险的境地，而庞大的武装则未必意味着安全；要采用合法的手段推动有利于农业制造业和国内外贸易的各项改进措施；要以同样方式支持科学的进步和知识的传播，此乃真正自由的最佳养份；要继续执行慈善计划，这些计划一直都在值得称道地实施，以改造我们的土著邻居，使他们摆脱野蛮生活的堕落和不幸，得以分享文明状态下人们在心灵和举止上所惯有的各种改善成果。以上种种想法和打算，只要有助于我完成使命，便是不会令我失望的一个源泉。

In this thesis, two main parts are included, the first focuses on the characteristics of high-resolution spectra of free radicals in magnetic field, the second concentrates on the measurement of electric dipole moment of free radicals by Zeeman and Stark effects simultaneously.

本论文以电磁场中自由基分子的光谱与结构特性研究为中心，主要内容包括两部分，一是针对磁场中自由基分子高分辨光谱的特性研究，另一部分则是同时利用电磁场中自由基分子的Zeeman和Stark效应，对自由基分子的电偶极矩进行直接测量研究。

In the chapter Ⅳ, the inspection was about how capitalist basic contradiction distorted the freedom of press; how journalistic monopolise brought the new contradictions under the force of profit impulse in this area; how western journalists defended this principle in objectivity and how mass communication revised this principle in the early half past of 20th century.

第四章将考查资本主义基本矛盾对新闻自由的扭曲影响；在利润冲动的驱使下，西方新闻业在走向集中垄断的过程中，如何导致了新闻自由的新矛盾；西方新闻界为捍卫新闻自由的传统，在客观性原则方面所做出的努力；20世纪上半叶出现的传播学研究，如何为修正传统的新闻自由提供了启示。

These freedoms of expression_r_r_r and worship -- of access to information and political parti***tion -- we believe are universal rights. They should be available to all people, including ethnic and religious minorities -- whether they are in the United States, China, or any nation.

表达自由和宗教信仰自由--获得信息和政治参与的自由--我们认为这些自由都是普世的权利，所有人都应当享有，包括少数民族和宗教少数派，不管是在美国、中国还是在任何其他国家。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。