自然科学研究

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, this dissertation mainly deals with bionics study on Thunniform swimmer, theoretical kinematics modeling and computer simulations, analyzes effects of elastic elements on propulsion efficiency, and experimentally studies a new type of underwater propulsor.

本文以国家自然科学基金项目"仿鱼鳍水下推进器的理论与实验研究"为背景，集中对鲹科加新月形尾鳍推进模式鱼类游动的仿生学研究、仿鱼水下推进器运动学建模与仿真、弹性组织在提高推进效率中的应用、及其相关的新型仿鱼水下推进器等方面进行理论与实验研究。

During the late 20 years of the 20th century, the academic circle in China developed an overall and deep self criticism over those phenomena of exclusion, negation of the traditional research method, natural scientific method and humanistic method from the 1950s～1970s.

20世纪后 2 0年，中国学术界对 5 0～ 70年代排斥否定传统研究方法、自然科学方法、人文主义方法的现象进行了全面、深刻的检讨，从而恢复了这三大方法在人文社会科学研究中的地位，并因此对 2 1世纪的人文社会科学研究产生了深远而积极的影响。

It is one of important ways to study the development and law of a society by natural scientific research achievements.

用自然科学的研究成果，来研究社会发展及其规律，是马克思和恩格斯研究问题时所采用的基本方法。

Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators, the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli.

帕斯卡最早研究自然科学和应用科学，对机械计算器的制造、流体研究作出了重大贡献，通过归纳托里拆利的研究，他阐明了压力和真空的概念。

The results showed the maximum cyclic stress of CFRP bar should be under 70 percent of ultimate tensile stress; when the maximum cyclic stress decrease 5 percent of ultimate tensile stress, the fatigue life of CFRP bars increase generally 10 times; with the decrease of cyclic ratios, the fatigue life of CFRP bars decrease heavily; for the brittleness, CFRP bar should possess a higher reserve of strength, the margin of safety against failure is a necessity; according to experimental cyclic stress-fatigue life curve, the fatigue behavior of CFRP bar is much better than the fatigue behavior of Q235 steel.

将纤维复合材料用于土木工程结构的研究成果，已应用于实际工程【2j_国外对CFRP筋的一些短期性能以及CFRP筋构件的粘结性能、CFRP加筋混凝土结构的抗弯性能等都做了大量的研究，但对其长国家自然科学基金50278029，50538020和交通部西部交通科技200l431882021资助项目。2OO6年2月13日收到初稿；2006年9月4日收到修改稿。本文联系人：欧进萍，院士期性能如疲劳性能的研究还不够

Most natural scientists, usually holding a pragmatic manner, seldom consider the factual validity of the metaphysical basis which makes scientific knowledge possible; however, it is the seemingly unconsidered metaphysical basis which compels those scientists in blind alley, among which is the causal principle.

本体论是哲学的基础，本体论研究是哲学研究的历史和逻辑起点。在认识论转向和语言学转向的鼓噪之下，似乎本体研究退居次位；在自然科学胜利的呐喊声中，本体追寻也看似多余。

Of science and technology changing is a very complex process, look from the angle of engineering, it is basic research, application studies what study to development to change, it is science of fundamental science, technology to project technology change process; to look from economics angle, it is one is motivation with economic interest, the possibility from science and technology to economic feasibility change process; to look from philosophical angle, it is sex of cause and effect to purpose sex change, the uniqueness that is scientific principle is reached to technical diversity change a course manipulatively.

科学技术的转化是一个非常复杂的过程，从工程学的角度看，它是基础研究、应用研究向发展研究的转化，是基础自然科学、技术科学向工程应用科学的转化过程；从经济学角度看，是一个以经济利益为动力，从科学技术的可能性向经济可行性的转化过程；从哲学的角度看，是因果性向目的性的转化，是科学原理的唯一性向技术多样性及功利性的转化过程。

This paper researches under fund project of nationality natural science (70271045):"The researches on E-government system model and government affair flow reforger". It starts from the proper operation requirement of E-government system, combines the severe challenges of E-government system under current distributing environment, lucubrates the organization and authorization system model of complex government affair information system, presents the flow realization of security access control implementation of E-government system and some noticeable taches.

本文以国家自然科学基金项目(70271045)：&电子政务系统模型体系及政务流程再造研究&为研究背景，从电子政务系统特有的业务需求出发，结合当前分布式环境下的电子政务系统面临的严峻挑战，深入研究了复杂政务信息系统的组织与授权体系模型，给出了电子政务系统的安全访问控制实施过程中各个业务过程的流程实现以及需要注意的环节。

Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.(75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

技术主义谬误在自然科学领域也很常见，它错误地把整个学科和它的某些研究方法等同起来。75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

The paper abstracts analytical-positivist jurisprudence pre-supposes some social facts by disconstruct its demonstrative lines,then animadverts this social facts by social theory of liberalism, and gives the analytical-positivist jurisprudence some advice about its possible development direction.

分析实证主义法学的研究对象是实在法律制度，即一个国家中的统治者或主权者所制定或者授权制定的法律制度；而分析实证主义法学的研究方法与自然科学的经验性研究方法相类似，并借助了语言分析哲学的基本方法。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。