自然法

In the first half of the 18th century, Russian jurists fused the thoughts of jurisprudence derived from idealist apriorism and classical natural law theory of the European Continent, especially of Germany, and the Slav culture and the Orthodox Eastern Church tradition into initial jurisprudence of Russia.

十八世纪上半叶，俄罗斯法学家从欧洲大陆，主要是德国，汲取了先验唯心主义和古典自然法的法哲学思想，并把这种思想与俄国的斯拉夫文化和东正教传统结合起来，形成了俄罗斯早期法哲学。

Still more recently, and particularly at the middle and during the latter half of the eighteenth century, the mixed systems of jurisprudence and morals constructed by the publicists of the Low Countries appear to have been much studied by English lawyers, and from the chancellorship of Lord Talbot to the commencement of Lord Eldon''s chancellorship these works had considerable effect on the rulings of the Court of Chancery.

在有些地方，它被简单地称为"自然法"；它的规定据说是受命于自然衡平和自然理性。

Now, without entering upon the question, whether the conception of a Law Natural be not exclusively a creation of the Roman jurisconsults, we may lay down that, even on the admission of Grotius himself, the dicta of the Roman jurisprudence as to what parts of known positive law must be taken to be parts of the Law of Nature, are, if not infallible, to be received at all events with the profoundest respect.

现在，无须研究这个问题，即一个"自然法"的概念是否罗马法学专家的一种独有创造，我们可以断言，甚至格罗修斯本人也承认罗马法律学的格言说，有些已知的现实法应该认为是"自然法"的一部分，这个格言纵使不是毫无错误，仍应该受到极端的尊敬而加以接受的。

Though this is not an article on the natural law, these points are necessary preliminaries for considering Grotius' natural law views.

尽管本文不是一篇关于自然法的文章，这些观点仍是考虑格老秀斯自然法观点的铺垫。

That means the natural law can interpenetrate with eternal and human law, therefore present the feature of"divinity and human nature".

表面上，托马斯将法律分为四种：永恒法、自然法、神法和人定法。

A correct and real expression of "legal rules" requires the separation of the nature of "Law"--the laws in the development of productive mode from economic real...

为此，他们将"自然法"的内容进行了革新，从另外一方面强化了西方自古以来"自然法"的传统理念。

Secondly,* The legislative, or supreme authority, cannot assume to itself a power to rule by extemporary arbitrary decrees, but is bound to dispense justice, and decide the rights of the subject by promulgated standing laws, and known authorized judges: for the law of nature being unwritten, and so no where to be found but in the minds of men, they who through passion or interest shall miscite, or misapply it, cannot so easily be convinced of their mistake where there is no established judge: and so it serves not, as it ought, to determine the rights, and fence the properties of those that live under it, especially where every one is judge, interpreter, and executioner of it too, and that in his own case: and he that has right on his side, having ordinarily but his own single strength, hath not force enough to defend himself from injuries, or to punish delinquents.

第二，立法权力或最高权力，不能自认为是通过即兴的肆意的法令来统治的权力，而只能局限于衡量正义（衡量罪行与惩罚是否相当，衡量伤害与补偿是否相当），并由公布的恒定法律和已知被授权的法官来裁定臣民之间的权利：因为自然法并非成文，所以只能在人们的思想中找到它们，在没有设立法官的地方，由于人们充满了激情或利益的考虑便会错误引证或应用自然法，从而就不能那么容易的确定他们的错误了：这样一来立法权力就不是服务于——它本来应该如此——裁定权利，保护生活于其下的臣民的财产，特别是在他自己的事件中，每个人都是审判者，解释者和执行者：有权利的一方，通常仅仅只能依靠他自己的力量，没有足够的力量来保护自己免于伤害，或者去惩罚犯罪者。

Most of them are modifications of the Roman doctrine of a natural law, which is indeed adopted in tenour by those writers who begin a discussion of the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery by laying down a distinction between natural justice and civil.

其中绝大部分都只是把罗马的自然法学理加以改头换面，尤其是那些著者，他们在开始讨论衡平法院的审判权时就在自然公正和民事公正之间加以明白的区分，那真是把罗马自然法学理的要旨全部采纳了。

It is binding over all the globe, in all countries, and at all times: no human laws are of any validity, if contrary to this; and such of them as are valid derive all their force, and all their authority, mediately or immediately, from this original 1979, p.

它对全世界都具有约束力，无论在任何国家，任何地点：人类的法律若是与之抵触则归于无效；自然法是一切人类法律强力的基础，人法的权威，不管直接还是间接，都来自于这个最初的自然法

The jurists of that period very commonly assert that the power of Testation itself is of Natural Law, that it is a right conferred by the Law of Nature.

当时的法学家很普遍地认为&立遗嘱&权力的本身是来自&自然法&的权力，是由&自然法&所赋与的一种权利。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。