自然法

It is certainly never quite safe to pronounce dogmatically as to the range of association embraced by modern minds, when they reflect on Nature and her Law.

当近代思想非难"自然"和"自然法"时，究竟它所联想的范围如何，如果要武断地加以认定，当然是决不妥当的；但我以为，大多数主张"遗嘱权"是来自"自然法"的人们，他们的意思，可能或者是认为这种权力在事实上普遍存在的，或者认为这种权力由于一种原始的本能和冲动的推动而为各国所一致承认。

Chapter VI is 'The analysis of Motion of Modern Natural Law', I think it is related to scientificrevolution, crisis of ecclesiastic, rise of kingship and the appearance of civil society ,whichprovide it with new means , standpoint and sample.

这部分主要认为，近代自然法的产生同科学革命、教会危机、王权兴起和市民社会的出现等因素相关，它们或者为近代自然法带来了立场和方法的变革，或者提供了历史和现实的"样板"或"样本"，或者丰富了近代自然法的内容，等等。

Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in others, as he is persuaded the offence deserves, even with death itself, in crimes where the heinousness of the fact, in his opinion, requires it.

如已经证明的，人一生下来就拥有完全的自由，并不受控制的享有自然法的所有权利，与世界上的其他任何人或人群相同，从而自然的拥有一种权力，不仅可以保护他的所有物——他的生命，自由和财产——免遭他人的伤害和侵犯；而且可以审判和惩罚违反自然法的其他人，让犯罪的人罪有应得，在他认为极其重大的罪行当中甚至可以将其处死。

The political development must be in favor of developmentof human being and progress of society after all.

而罗马法观念与斯多葛自然法思想的结合所构成的罗马契约观念的核心是权利观，由于罗马法和自然法思想的传承，这一权利契约观成为未来西方政治发展的基础性资源。

The natural law has shared the same subject with the law positivism that legal epistemology mode ---- subject and object. Phronesis is to surmount natural law and legal positivism .It establishes a rational mode of understanding legal norm!

自然法学与法实证主义分享了主体——客体的法认识论模式，超越自然法与法实证主义意味着要树立一种对法规范认识的合理模式，这就是西方实践哲学传统中的实践理性！

It introduces and makes comments particularly on its definitions／ideas／backgrounds including its inherent humanism spirits,and points out the following arguments:the classical natural law is coming from the reasons of people and aims at the welfare of people,it is the forever law of the whole positivistic law.

文章详细阐述了古典自然法的概念、理念、背景以及所涵盖的一系列人文主义精神和基本理念，并由此得出结论认为，古典自然法是以人的理性为起点又以人的幸福为归宿的，是一切实在法的公理法。

While naturalists take the idea that human—made law possesses the just disposition of natural law as an argument to champion city—state law strongly,tragedians find conflicts between positive law and natural law,thereby enduing natural law with moral connotation for the first time.

正当自然主义者以人定法具有自然法的正义秉性为据大力捍卫城邦法律之时，悲剧作家则发现了人定法与自然法的冲突，从而第一次赋予自然法以道德的内涵。

He from the natural state which fictionalizes embarks, the proof life, the freedom and the private property are person's sacred inviolable inherent rights, this right already conforms with the natural law, also conforms with the human nature; In order to protect the people to rest on the inherent right which the natural law enjoys, people through social contract establishment government; he thought that the people should protect the private property according to the contract tenable country's goal, opposed that the state power interferes the subject property.

洛克提出的人所拥有的&自然权利&就包括le生存的权利，享有自由的权利以及财产权。他从虚构的自然状态出发，论证生命、自由和私有财产是人的神圣不可侵犯的自然权利，这种权利既合乎自然法，也合乎人性；为了保护人们依据自然法享有的自然权利，人们通过社会契约建立ZF；他认为人们按契约成立的国家的目的应当保护私有财产，反对国家政权干涉臣民财产。

The United States as the common law country accepts the natural law theory, however ,on the judgment of the natural law method, the natural law overtops the statue law.

美国作为普通法国家接受自然法学说，而按照自然法高于人定法的判断，依据宪法审查人定法不过是对自然法与人定法关系原理的扩大使用。

Also see A companion to philosophy of law and legal theory, edited by Dennis Patterson, Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1999, at 221-227, Raymond Wacks, Philosophy of Law: A Very Short Introduction,(New York, Oxford University Press, 2006), at 14, Philip Soper, In Defense of Classical Natural Law in Legal Theory: Why Unjust Law is No Law at All, 20 Can.

在英美法理学中， classical natural law （少数情况下使用 traditional natural law ）都是用以指称亚里士多德-阿奎那传统的自然法，而不是近代的自然权利理论，自然权利理论甚至被明确地同自然法理论区分开来。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。