自治组织

Fourthly, the ascendancy of the rationalist religious faith of the burgher class symbolizes the modernizing transformation of social and religious values of Western Europe.

自治城市的行政官僚组织体系、财政税收管理职能、权力制衡与选举制度等，也直接为近代西欧民族国家的发展提供了有益经验借鉴。城市商业资本的崛起与扩张，有力地促进了近代民族统一经济市场的形成。

Being more intelligent, easy of integration, friendly in man-machine interactivity and adaptable to dynamic environment, this new controller fits in well with cellular manufacturing systems with characteristics of distribution, autonomy, coordination and cooperation in control and changefulness in organization.

这种新型控制器具有更高的智能、良好的集成性、友好的人机交互以及强的动态适应能力，很好地适应了敏捷单元化制造系统中各制造单元之间分布自治、协同合作的生产控制特点和动态多变的组织特点，为制造系统集成和多单元、多地点协调协作提供了良好的技术基础。

Tensions have also been fanned by the communalist actions of the Indian government—a coalition led by the Hindu fundamentalist Bharathya Janatha Party—which last week banned the Islamic Students Movement of India and launched a nationwide police crackdown.

紧张局势也被印度政府的地方自治主义者的行动煽动得越演越烈。一个印度教原教旨主义的联合体上周颁布禁令：禁止印度伊斯兰学生运动组织的行动并发动全国警察来镇压。

The complexities of CL comprise of structure complexity, uncertainty, information contortion and amplification, dynamic organization and so on, with distributional, autonomous, interactive and dynamic features.

该类系统的复杂性包括结构复杂性、不确定性、信息的失真与放大、组织机构的动态性等，具有分布性、自治性、交互性、动态性等特征。

The current situation and the effectiveness of recheck system was evaluated through case survey and experts' interviewing. Government regulations, performance capability and management strategy were discussed. Encouragement of self-responsibility of declaimer, emphasis of risk management and strengthening of public safety education were concluded to achieve the goal of effective management of public safety.

本研究藉由案例调查及专家访谈，分析、归纳公安检查申报制度与复查执行状况的课题，试从法规面、执行面及管理面探讨行为人的管理策略，研拟制度改善的建议，包括鼓励申报人自治自责、开放民间组织参与、风险管理、加强教育宣导等政策手段，以建立合理的公安检查复查机制，达到建筑物公安管理之目的。

The change of the rural governance in the part of the State's viewpoint, the change of economic and political institution in rural area , the adjustment of law relation among familial members , and the evolvement of the social structure all have impacts on the effectiveness of family support for the elderly and oldster's welfare.

本文以治理和善治为分析框架，在实证研究的基础上，通过对传统时期、集体化时期、后集体时期的乡村治理与老人福利变迁的历史考察和后集体时期不同区域类型的乡村治理与老人福利的差异比较，得出如下结论：(1)不同时期老人福利状况不同，并不是家庭养老模式发生了变化，而是家庭养老的制度基础发生了变化，其关键因素是支持农村社区组织控制社区经济和约束社区成员的国家意识形态、经济体制、政治制度、法律文化等方面发生了变化；(2)中国发展是不均衡的，后集体时期，我国治理农村的制度框架基本相同，都是乡政村治、分户经营，但不同的地区的老人福利也有很大的差异，其主要原因是不同区域类型的村庄有不同的社会结构，其老人的社会地位和不孝行为所受村庄公共舆论约束力不同；不同区域的乡村组织状况不同，其乡村干部保障老人福利的意愿和力度不同；(3)在现有的乡村治理模式中，选举老人特别是在村庄定居的退休干部担任村组干部，发展自治性的老年协会和开展经常性的、群体性的老年文体娱乐活动，可以提高老人福利、改善乡村治理。

Mr. Ahtisaari used the Helsinki offices of his organization, Crisis Management Initiative, to hammer out a peace deal in which the Free Aceh Movement gave up violent secessionism and accepted limited autonomy for the province from President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

阿赫蒂萨里利用他建立的"危机管理倡议"组织在赫尔辛基的办公室，帮助印尼政府和分离主义组织"自由亚齐运动"达成一项和平协议。根据协议，"自由亚齐运动"承诺停止暴力分离活动，但可从印尼总统苏西洛那里得到在亚齐省内的有限自治。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

There is a problem that the Lawyer s Law in effect is not equity to lawyer in side of control and in side of protection .

律师协会的性质应是保护律师合法权益的独立的自治性组织而不仅是自律性组织。

Politically, the thought on rural construction aims at the realization of political autonomy and democracy, fostering the consciousness of democracy in the hearts of Chinese peasants; economically, all experimental areas, guided by the thought, lead themselves to economic cooperation and the development of rural industry, making a significant tryout for the building of the modern economy in the rural area.The reflection on the modernization of rural social organizations and rural people leads to the understanding that the reconstruction of rural social organizations and the overall improvement of the peasants quality is the prerequisite of the modernization in the rural area. Meanwhile, this reflection helps to spread into the rural areas the conceptions of democracy and science.

民国乡村建设思想政治上以实现乡村政治的自治化和民主化为主要目标，培养了农民的民主意识；经济上引导乡村经济走合作化道路和开办乡村工业，为乡村现代经济的建设做出了有益的尝试；文化上关于乡村社会组织和人的现代化的思考，不仅让人们认识到农村社会组织重建和农民素质全方位的提高是乡村现代化的前提，而且也在一定程度上把民主和科学的理念传播到了乡村。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。