自治组织

In order to enable the articles of incorporation to play its autonomous role fully, the investor and the operator should acquire the regulation consciousness, should formulate articles of incorporation which is suitable to its own company"s organization and management characteristic, its content should be clear and concrete.In corporate governance, the jurisdiction division between each organization and each agency must be explicit, in particular about the trustee, the supervisor, higher management"s authority, the voluntary and the responsibility stipulation both must arouse their enthusiasm, and must have the corresponding restraint mechanism, enable the company the benefit, shareholder"s benefit, in particular the smaller shareholder"s benefit to obtain the effective protection; simultaneously the articles of incorporation should manifest the corporate social responsibility, company"s benefit and counterparts" rights and interests should receive the corresponding value, this also is the need that a company realizes its benefit maximization.

为了使公司章程充分发挥其自治作用，投资者和经营者应树立章程意识，制定适合于本公司的组织和经营特点的公司章程，在公司的治理方面，公司章程关于各个组织机构之间的权限划分应具体明确，尤其是关于董事、监事、高级管理人员的职权、义务与责任的规定既要充分调动其积极性、又要有相应的约束机制，使公司的利益、股东、债权人的利益得到有效保护；同时公司章程应体现公司的社会责任，这也是公司实现其利益最大化的需要。

Starts with the three parts of the relationship of the villages and towns government and the villager committees and the relationship of the two rural committees and the relationship of the two rural committees and villager, analyzes how the agriculture tax-and-fee reformation effects on the villagers" autonomy systematically, and think the agriculture tax-and-fee reformation will be advantageous to die down "theadministeration turn" of the village committees, meliorate the relationship of the two rural committees and the crowd, alleviate the two rural committees antinomy, promote organization construction of the two rural committees, but in the meantime also bring some series problems for the village autonomy such as public finance problem, tax fee tail owe problem etc., in the end put forward that we should push forward the villager" autonomy of the post-agriculture tax ages from the four parts of the Grass-roots Government, relationship between officials and the masses, relationship between the two rural committees and the village collective economy.

本文针对以上问题，运用理论研究与实证分析、静态分析与动态分析相结合等研究方法，从乡镇政府与村民委员会关系、村"两委"关系以及村"两委"与村民关系等三方面入手，系统地分析了农业税费改革对村民自治的影响，认为农业税费改革将有利于减弱村民委员会的"行政化"、理顺村"两委"与群众的关系、缓解村"两委"矛盾、促进村"两委"的组织建设，同时也为村民自治带来了一系列问题，如财政问题、税费尾欠问题等，最后提出应从基层政权改革、干群关系、两委关系以及农村集体经济等四个方面来推进后农业税时代的村民自治。

Due to Chinese farmers' decentralization and the frangibility of the agricultural industry, the development of CEO must obtain the support of government departments.

农业合作经济组织是农民自愿、自主、自治的产物，但是由于中国农民的分散性及农业产业自身的脆弱性，合作经济组织的发展必须取得政府部门的支持。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The first chapter emphasizes on the background and process of urban community autonomy, the process is divided into three stages: the rise of community building, the reform of the management system and the autonomy practice of resident to introducing the community development in our country. The second chapter introduces the present condition of the community autonomy in changshou road. Including the organizational relation, the rule of the circulating and the development of NGOs. The third chapter deeply analyzes the problems to hider the development of community autonomy in the present stage in changshou road. The fourth Chapter gives some advice about the community autonomy to realize the real autonomy in our grass- roots society.

论文的引言部分对选题的缘起、目的、意义以及研究方法作了简要说明，同时也界定了文中涉及的一些重要的研究概念；正文的第一章主要是介绍我国城市社区转型的背景和进程，分社区建设的兴起、管理体制的改革、居委会自治实践三个阶段介绍了我国社区发展的主要历程；第二章主要是介绍了上海长寿路街道社区自治在组织体制，运行规则和民间组织发展等方面的发展现状；第三章作者对街道社区自治现阶段存在一些问题进行了深刻剖析；第四章是在分析问题的基础上对城市社区自治发展提出了一些可行的改进意见，希望能帮助我们的基层社会尽快实现真正的自治。

And we argue that, if the research is to be deepen in further steps and breakthroughs are to be achieved, something must be done: to reject the noble-like thinking characterized by the sense of ego-superiority of self-culture; to get the better of the thinking habit such as the argument of feudal-clan, the argument of backward politic ideology of the peasantry;to relate rural clans to the peasantry, their subject of benefits instead of splitting them, and regard the multi-choices of ways of the existence and social benefits of rural society as well as urban society, thus to overcome the static vision on looking at the rural clan.

农村改革兴起后，农村宗族组织及其活动在中国商品经济最为活跃的东南地区的普遍复兴，给了这一思维定势以强烈的冲击，进而引起学者们对这一问题的重新认识和反思；进入80年代末期以后，随着村民自治建设的不断推进，作为一种农村社会群体形式的宗族组织自然又与村民自治自觉不自觉地缠绕在一起，如何评价宗族在村民自治进程中的角色和影响便成为一个更具有现实性意义的话题。

But political organization alone cannot succeed in a one-to-one battle between the might of the state and even the best organized collective association of universities. The only way in which this proper balance of autonomy and governance can be organized is through strong legislation which in effect entrenches university autonomy.

不过，无论大学如何动员组织都不可能和政府至上的权力对垒，唯有立法才能确保大学自治和政府管理之间的平衡，而立法事实上保全了大学的自治。

As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

As far as organizational purposes are concerned, what a NPO values is the maximum of public good; what it produces is public goods or quasi-public goods; as far as running mechanism is concerned, NPOs is a self-regulating system that takes reciprocal help as the center, and it has the organizational characteristics of nonprofit, non-government, voluntaries and public good.

从组织目标来看，非营利组织追求的是公共利益最大化；从组织提供的产品来看，非营利组织提供的是公共物品或准公共物品；从组织运作体制来看，非营利组织是以互利为核心的自治体制；从组织特征来看，非营利组织具有非营利性、非政府性、志愿性、公益性等特征。

The bourgeoisie constitutionalists strengthened the wide conpection with local gentrymerchants on the base of provincial assemblies, exposing and criticizing the ezils of the officially managed L.

就其组织形式而言，具有以下特点：1、自治范围较为宽泛，已有近代意义的地方自治色彩；2、地方自治职员的产生，具有民主选举的意义；3、各级地方自治机关具有某种相对独立的立法权和行政监督权；4。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。