自治城市的

The head of government of a city, town, borough, or municipal corporation.

市长一个城市、城镇、自治''。'市'。''或城市联合体的政府首脑

The institutionalization and democratization of the administration of the city, and the consequent identification of the burgher class to public authority prepared the institutional and ideological basis for the modern nation state.

城市司法自治下的罗马私法复兴，赋予了市民个体在法律上的平等地位，民主、权利、自由与平等的信仰，开始深植于西欧社会的思想观念中。

The first chapter emphasizes on the background and process of urban community autonomy, the process is divided into three stages: the rise of community building, the reform of the management system and the autonomy practice of resident to introducing the community development in our country. The second chapter introduces the present condition of the community autonomy in changshou road. Including the organizational relation, the rule of the circulating and the development of NGOs. The third chapter deeply analyzes the problems to hider the development of community autonomy in the present stage in changshou road. The fourth Chapter gives some advice about the community autonomy to realize the real autonomy in our grass- roots society.

论文的引言部分对选题的缘起、目的、意义以及研究方法作了简要说明，同时也界定了文中涉及的一些重要的研究概念；正文的第一章主要是介绍我国城市社区转型的背景和进程，分社区建设的兴起、管理体制的改革、居委会自治实践三个阶段介绍了我国社区发展的主要历程；第二章主要是介绍了上海长寿路街道社区自治在组织体制，运行规则和民间组织发展等方面的发展现状；第三章作者对街道社区自治现阶段存在一些问题进行了深刻剖析；第四章是在分析问题的基础上对城市社区自治发展提出了一些可行的改进意见，希望能帮助我们的基层社会尽快实现真正的自治。

The town's ailing infrastructure 4 was overhauled 5 in the 1870s by Alexander 'Boss' Shepherd, whose extravagant use of federal funds and penchant for steamrolling anything in his way led to a crackdown by Congress that robbed DC of self-government for another 100 years. For the citizenry, it was a high price to pay for a city beginning to look like it might fulfil L'Enfant's original vision of a world-class capital.

整个城市萎靡不振的基础建设在1870年代由 Alexander 'Boss' Shepherd 重新翻修，但由於他过分利用联邦基金，同时强烈主导整修一事，导致美国国会迫使 DC 在接下来的100年，成为一个自治的区域；对於当地人民来说，这算是付出相当高的代价，因为原本这个城市将是一个世界级首都，但此时却沦为如此的情况。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity\'s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity\'s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianity\'s exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity"s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity"s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianitys exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

The key point of urban community construction is to realize community self-governing.

城市社区建设的关键在于实现社区自治。

Urban community self-government is one of important components of social development.

城市社区自治是社会发展的一项重要内容。

John has been Chief Executive of two special purpose urban regeneration companies in the UK (the City of Newport in South Wales, host to the 2010 Ryder Cup, and Walsall in England) and Chief Executive of a City Council and, for 10 years, Deputy Chief Executive of a London Borough Council covering Stratford (now the 2012 Olympics site) and the Royal Docks part of the London's Docklands development area.

John 在英国两家特殊用途城市重建公司中担任总裁（一家位于南威尔士纽波特市，2010年莱德杯的主办城市，另一家位于英格兰沃尔索耳）。他还是英格兰西北部一个市议会的议长，并连续10年担任一个伦敦自治市议会的副议长，该议会服务于斯特拉特福德（2012年奥运会主办地点）和伦敦多克兰港区开发区中的皇家码头一带。

This chapter will give a preliminary research on these inherent prescripts.

目前影响较大的是由执政党高层通过政策动力推广和推动的农村村民自治和城市社区自治。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。