自治

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Self-governing Kurdish region in northern Iraq Oil Minister Government leme阿什蒂哈announced June 1, the region will be the first time the world crude oil market to export oil, plans to export 100,000 barrels of oil and is expected to end 2010 will reach 450,000 barrels.

伊拉克北部库尔德地区自治政府石油部长阿什蒂。哈莱米6月1日宣布，该地区将首度向世界原油市场出口石油，计划日出口石油10万桶，并预计到2010年末将达到45万桶。伊拉克总统伊拉勒。

In our opinion, UECM is a peer-to-peer structure based on the coordination of loose-coupled messages which can prevent the system from single-point failure, and assure the autonomy and independence of systems being integrated.

UECM体系结构的核心是基于松耦合消息协同的对等结构，可以避免系统单点失败的危险性，同时保证集成后各子系统的自治性和独立性。

The distributed network manufacturing system which is composed of multi-manufacturing cells connected with internet is loose-coupled, autonomy and cooperative.

多个制造单元可以通过计算机网络联结起来，组成松散耦合、分布自治、协同合作的分散网络化制造系统。

Other businesses, such as tourism, have been pulled back into central control, with formerly semi-autonomous outfits such as car-hire agencies and marinas now run by ministries.

其他行业，如旅游业，已回到中央控制，从前的半自治的店铺，如汽车租赁机构和船坞现在都由部委运作。

He was born in Shunde, a small city in Guangdong, and before 1913 he finished his basic education in a school founded by a Britannic merchant prince, who is a Jew.

吴耀宗（1893~1979），新中国基督教第一代领袖，基督教经他真正地实现了&三自&，即彻底脱离外国差会控制，完全由中国人自治、自传、自养。

The reborn Mogul Empire focussed its efforts on bringing to heal the princely states that had broken away during its long decline and advance into Afghanistan.

复兴的莫卧儿帝国全力收复其长期消亡过程中逐渐自治的土邦，旋即挺进阿富汗。

The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.

在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期之一。成为独立殖民地，1857 年实现自治，1907 年成为英皇属下的自治领，1931 年完全独立。

The objects of study in this paper are some dissipativeSchrodinger equations,including a third order nonlinear Schrodinger equation with fiberloss term which derives from the propagation of optical soliton in a monomode fiber,theweakly damped Schrodinger equation in dimension three,the nonautonomous Ginzburg-Laudau equation and so on.

本学位论文的研究对象是一些耗散型的非线性〓方程，包括描述单模光纤中光孤立子传播的三阶〓方程，三维弱阻尼〓方程和非自治Ginzburg-Landau方程等，研究内容涉及这些方程的整体解的存在唯一性，整体吸引子的存在性，吸引子的正则性，吸引子的维数估计，吸引子的流形逼近，周期解和全局周期吸引子的存在等等。

But the zemstvos used to play an active and positive part in the Russian constitutional movement, in Russia's economy, cultural construction and education. It also provided valuable resources for the development of the country's structural form and its executive administration way.

但是，地方自治机构在俄国立宪运动和社会经济、文化教育等方面也发挥了相当积极的作用，对俄国的国家结构形式发展和行政管理方式的改进提供了有价值的资源。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。