自治

The villager autonomy system in China has more than 20 years of time, in the 20 years of time, on the one hand, is the villager autonomy system perfect, on the other hand, the text again to the text from practice unceasingly, causing the villager autonomy to fully realize its governance performance.

内容提要：我国的村民自治制度产生已经有20余年的时间，在这20余年的时间里，一方面是村民自治的制度文本不断完善，另一方面又出现了实践对文本的不断偏离，致使村民自治难以充分实现其治理绩效。

At the present, the difficulty of community self-governing lies not so much in a weak basis as in the instability that may result from self-governing.

目前社区自治的困难不是自治基础薄弱，而是自治可能导致基层的不稳定。

It examines the theoretical foundation of associational autonomy, specific contents of autonomy right, relationship between autonomy right and state administrative authority, and a series of conditions of achieving autonomy right.

第二部分是行业协会自治，这是全文的核心，主要论述行业协会自治的理论基础，自治权力的具体内容，自治权与国家行政权，司法权的关系以及自治权实现的若干条件和要求。

Later, Catalonia merged with Aragon and, in the 15th century, with the Kingdom of Castilla, but always maintaining their own institutions. In the 18th century, Philip V, of the French Bourbon dynasty, abolished Catalonia's self-government and Catalan ceased to be its official language. In 1933, the autonomous government was restored. However, Catalonia lost its self-government with the 1936-1939 civil war and the rise of the dictator Francisco Franco.

后来与阿拉贡王国结合，15世纪时又和卡斯蒂利亚王国结合，但还保持着地方政府。18世纪，法国波旁王朝的菲利普五世取消了加泰罗尼亚的自治政府，禁止了加泰罗尼亚语作为官方语言。1933年自治政府重新建立，但1936－1939年的国内战争以及独裁政权佛朗哥派的胜利使加泰罗尼亚的自治得而复失，加泰罗尼亚语又被禁用。

Therefore, the contentional autonomy of social insurances, as well, is reduced to a minimum as a result of a far-reaching legal control which results from its problematic legalization. The social self-government has largely degraded to an unsatisfying legitimated government of associations, which is often hard to harmonize with the democratic and liberal roots of the idea of self-government.

由于立法上存在问题，这使得原来设想的社会保险自治降到最低限度，在很大程度上，社会自治已退化为一个不能令人满意的联合政府组织，与自治组织民主、自由的思想本源已很难吻合。

Karelia - Finland in 1940, as a Union Republic to join the Soviet Union in 1956 as a self-sufficiency of the Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative .190 years in March -191 years in December, in addition to Russia, the 14 republics have declared their independence .191 year December 25 the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic changed its name to the Russian Federation,.191 years, April 17 announced that Russia and the Russian Federation, with the name for the country, 191 12 26 the Soviet Union ceased to exist .1949 announced October 3-year diplomatic relations with China .191 year in January figures, the Federation is divided into 16 autonomous republics, 6 Krai, 49 states; 5 Krai, within each 1 autonomous prefecture, in a Territory, and eight states have autonomous zone 10 .192 1 month, all of the autonomous republic of the original be upgraded to a republic.

卡累利阿—芬兰于1940年，作为加盟共和国加入苏联，1956年作为自给共和国并入俄罗斯苏维埃联邦。190年3月—191年12月，除俄罗斯外的14个加盟共和国先后宣布独立。191年12月25日俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国更名为俄罗斯联邦。191年4月17日宣布俄罗斯和俄罗斯联邦同为国名，191年12月26日宣布苏联停止存在。1949年10月3日与我国建交。191年1月统计，全联邦内共分为16个自治共和国，6个边疆区，49个州；5个边疆区内各有1个自治州，在1个边疆区和8个州内还有自治专区10个。192年1月，将原来所有的自治共和国一律升格为共和国。

However, having reviewed the Villager Autonomy of Shanghai in the angle of practitioner, the author found some problems which should be clarified jurally. For example, problem about legal capacity of villager council related to judicial almsgiving when villagers face the supervise of Villager Autonomy, definition of Villager, operational procedure to realize the "Law of Villager Council Structure of P. R.C.", program to guide the Villager Autonomy etc.

但是，笔者以一个实践者的角度来考察本市的村民自治，发现了一些问题，如由村民委员会的法律地位联系到村民在自治管理中处于相对方而涉及到的司法救济问题、&村民&的界定问题、《村组法》实施的某些操作程序问题、基层政府指导村民自治的程序问题等，都必须以法律法规的形式加以明确。

R.C.". And local statute, Shanghai has had "Vote Rule of Villager Council of Shanghai" and "The Way to Carry Out the 'Law of Villager Council Structure of P. R.C.' of Shanghai which both summarize the former experience and provide a legal guarantee to Villager Autonomy. However, having reviewed the Villager Autonomy of Shanghai in the angle of practitioner, the author found some problems which should be clarified jurally.

但是，笔者以一个实践者的角度来考察本市的村民自治，发现了一些问题，如由村民委员会的法律地位联系到村民在自治管理中处于相对方而涉及到的司法救济问题、&村民&的界定问题、《村组法》实施的某些操作程序问题、基层政府指导村民自治的程序问题等，都必须以法律法规的形式加以明确。

J. Bickerman first elucidated the concept of autonomy in 1958, the problem has caught many scholars attention. In recent years, some important monographs were published. However, most of these focused on the genesis and early history of the concept in the fifth century B.C.. As for the concept in the fourth century B.C., it is only mentioned in the study of the vicissitude of hegemony, the Common Peaces, or the Panhellenism.

比格曼的专题论文发表起，国外学者对城邦自治问题就给予了特别的关注，近年仍有重要的专题论文发表，但大多数研究着重于公元前五世纪自治观念的源起，而在对公元前四世纪城邦自治问题的研究中，或只在评述希腊城邦霸权争夺或共同和约时兼论、或在论述泛希腊主义时有所提及，并未作为论题的中心。

As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。